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And also if you sign up now, you get a snail enamel pin. If you're already a member of the lab, come to the AMA. Thank you for listening. Can't wait to see you there April 16th. Oh wait, you're listening. Okay. Okay. Okay. You're listening to radielab. From WNYC. From the top. Hey, this is radielab. Okay, here's Matt. I'm senior producer Matt Kilty. Hi. And today we're starting in Minnesota. It's great to see you too. With Freelance journalist Katie Thornton in Katie's home. Minneapolis. You're here. In Minneapolis. Nice to see you. So last winter, Katie came to New York, was my roommate for a month. She was finishing up season two of this project she's created. The show called The Divided Dial. Season one was about, you should say it. Well, season one is about, this has been the biggest global dry run to prepare the world to receive the mark of the beast. The vast majority at this point of gender confusion is being driven by societal mania. Racial profiling is good for your health. Drill, build a keystone pipeline, deport illegals, defy the federal government. How the right came to dominate talk radio in America. Peabody award winning season one. Indeed. So that was season one. Then Katie came out to finish season two, which is, let's see what we got all about. Wait, is this, this is air. Okay. So let's go to shortwave now. Shortwave radio. We said that we were going to go to shortwave one. So maybe you've heard a shortwave. I kind of like knew it as a phrase, as a thing, but didn't know really anything about it or its significance. Turning the dial. So Katie was just going to show me what this is by tuning into a shortwave radio station on this radio she has. Okay. So nothing there, which she tried to do. Let's try 75, 70 backup. We go for a while. We go. A long while. Nothing. 50. We can type 58, 50. Like for 20 minutes. This is what we did. Nothing. Nothing. Well, this is almost the perfect segue into Katie. Why did you do this series? Great question. Should I turn this down so we don't have to worry about it? Just turn it. Yeah, you can turn off. Great. Boom. Yeah. Well, shortwave radio completely altered the course of, you know, geopolitics globally in the 20th century. Oh, it also played a really big role in sort of shaping the modern right in the US and giving rise to the anti-government militia movement, which we've of course seen make its way into the mainstream. And then I also found out that there is a very strange battle taking place on the shortwaves today, where on these sort of often ignored, minimally known frequencies, Wall Street is trying to get access to the shortwaves for a very unexpected reason that maybe I won't give away because it's the final episode of the series. Oh, do you want me to tell you? I'm like, just tell me. Okay, I'm going to tell you. But you listening will not be told. You're going to have to listen to the series. And so today what we're doing is we're playing the first episode in season two of the divided dial, which was created by Katie produced by On The Media, our friends, colleagues, literally just down the hall at WNYC. And I swear episode one, it'll grab you. It will eventually lead you down a path to revelation of what Wall Street is doing with shortwave radio. And it's great. It's basically like episode one is kind of about the promise, the hope, the dream of shortwave radio, which you actually would not expect feels very present to today. So with that, we present to you On The Media, KB Thornton, divided dial season two, episode one. Enjoy. Last summer, I met up with a journalist and radio fan named David Goran. I went to his house in Brooklyn, New York, so that we could listen to the radio together. Not any old radio, not a MRFM, nothing you can pick up in your car. But shortwave radio, the little known cousin of AMN FM with fuzzy stations that can reach insanely far distances. David's been listening to shortwave since he was a kid in the 70s, when his uncle gave him a radio. And I turn it on and it's like the radio like leapt out of my hand with the North American service of Radio Moscow. Suddenly, the world was all within reach available to him right there in this box. In the seventh grade, I became the expert on the next five year plan and the Soviet Union, the economic plan. Today, he's part of the Library of Congress's Radio Preservation Task Force. And together on a sweaty Thursday afternoon last July, we sat down to hear what we could find on the shortwave dial today. Just like when David was a kid, we heard lots of government run stations like Radio Martí. The U.S. broadcasting news and information to Cuba. On other days, David has picked up English language shows from North Korea. They have very strident, you know, military stuff. And news from Cuba. This is Radio Revelle Day. On other days, David has picked up English language shows from North Korea. They have very strident, you know, military stuff. And news from Cuba. This is Radio Revelle Day, Radio Rebel. And it goes back to the revolution. On the shortwaves, the global tussle for influence plays out 24-7. But we didn't just hear news and propaganda. Well, let's just go up the dance. There were beeps and bloops. Coded messages sent between amateur radio operators or between government officials who used the shortwaves to send military data or secret instructions. And some of what we heard just sounded like normal radio, with lots of music and preaching. That's an end times ministry that also preaches that the Earth is flat. In just about an hour of surfing the shortwaves, we heard prayer and propaganda, news and conspiracy theories, so many languages, and some really decent jams from all over the globe. I felt like I had been welcomed into a club that was somehow secret and yet right there for anyone to join. And I know it's cliche, but there was something magical about tuning into the world, training my ear to listen through the crackle, hearing the distance. As it turns out, this practice of scanning the dial, finding out what you can hear and from how far away, is a century old art. It was popular among radio's early adopters. These early distance fiends, as they were known, uncovered something very strange about how radio waves traveled through space. And what broadcasters did with that information completely altered the trajectory of the 20th century? This is Season 2 of The Divided Dial. I'm your host, Katie Thornton. I've worked in radio since I was a teenager, sometimes behind the scenes, sometimes behind the mic. In Season 1, I investigated how right wing talk took over AM and FM radio. But in all my years of radio research, I'd never really learned about shortwave radio before. And listen, I'm not going to tell you that shortwave radio is as influential today as the AM and FM talk radio we covered in Season 1. It's not. But I, and I think you, love the medium of radio. So this season, we're diving into the often failed promise of a medium that was once ubiquitous, connecting people around the world long before the internet ever did. But like the internet, shortwave also took a turn for the chaotic. Over the next four episodes, I'm going to explain how shortwave radio became a propaganda tool for governments at war. And then a propaganda tool for American right wing extremists and cults. And we'll explore what a little known battle playing out on the shortwaves right now between radio fanatics and Wall Street can tell us about what happens when we seed control of our public airwaves. That's all coming up on this season of the Divided Dial. But let's get back to the story. Radio broadcasting, as in from one to many, it didn't start on shortwave. It started on AM, taking off around 1920. And AM was inherently local. Signals reached up to 50, maybe 75 miles. But at night, those listening at home noticed something strange. As the sun set, more stations emerged from the static. And they weren't coming from down the street or the next town over. Sometimes, listeners in New York would hear stations from Chicago. A listener in Kansas might hear an opera or a boxing match from the East Coast. After dark, it was like the world cracked open. And distant stations faded in and out on ghostly, mysterious winds. Most people had never heard a faraway voice, period. Long-distance telephone calls were the costly domain of dignitaries and government officials. And even those were fed across long, scratchy copper lines. A disembodied voice, without a wire, without a fee, from hundreds of miles away. That awed and baffled people. Even scientists, some of whom believed that radio, perhaps, could be used to communicate with the dead. But, of course, there was an explanation for these voices in the night. Here's what was happening. The way AM normally works is that radio waves get shot from the top of a tall tower, which is often on top of a tall hill. The waves travel over the ground, basically line of sight, from the tower to you. It's called a ground wave, and it's the thing that fades out a few dozen miles from the tower. But when you shoot out an AM signal, there's another thing that happens, almost a byproduct. It's called a sky wave, and the sky wave goes up into the atmosphere. The lower layers of the ionosphere, which are about 45 to 75 miles above the Earth's surface, they're like a huge sponge during the day, and they absorb the signals that pass through them. Susan Douglas is a professor of communication and media at the University of Michigan. She says that these lower layers of the atmosphere are made up of ions that get all charged up by the sun. And in the daylight, those layers are where radio waves go to die. But at night, when the sun sets, these layers disappear, and the ones above them, they combine to form a dense layer, and it acts like a mirror to sky waves. At night, these sky waves, the sort of byproduct of AM transmission, they keep going until they bounce off this other layer of the ionosphere, and they come back down to Earth vast distances away. When these waves strike the antenna of a receiving set, this entire process is reversed. We hear sound originating at that very moment, hundreds or even thousands of miles away. That's what these late night AM radio listeners were hearing, a radio wave that had ricocheted off the ionosphere to get to them. And it rocked their world. Long-distance channel surfing became a fad called fishing in the night. With listeners casting out into the ether and seeing what they could catch. They had a map on the wall with map tags, and every time they reeled in a station, they would put a map tag on where that broadcast emanated from. Was it Kansas City? Was it Washington, D.C.? Wherever. Radio manufacturers ran ads with slogans like, concerts from 14 cities in one evening. In newspaper editorials, the stressed housewives and sometimes husbands lamented that their significant other was spending every evening out in their radio shack. But while AM broadcast listeners burned the midnight oil to marvel at all the far away stations, there was one group of people who weren't so surprised by radio's ability to go long. They were the amateur radio operators, what you might know as ham radio. Basically, guys who weren't broadcasting but were tinkering with radio equipment just to chat, one-to-one, like long-distance walkie-talkies. Back in the days before broadcasting, almost all radio transmission was one-to-one. The radio waves were mostly used by ship captains or the military and the hams who were just having fun. But in World War I, the U.S. government got worried about interference on those AM airwaves. So they eventually assigned specific frequencies for ships, for the military, and for those meddling amateurs. They were kicked down to the waves that were thought utterly worthless, short waves. Back then, people thought the short waves with short wavelengths, picture a really tight squiggly line, just wouldn't go very far. Even Guglielmo Marconi, the father of radio, thought that longer wavelengths would mean longer distances. But the amateurs weren't put off. They began experimenting with them. And as it turned out, the short waves weren't the short end of the stick. They were getting really far. They were getting stations in Australia, New Zealand, or stations in England and France. For the most part, reception was clearer at night, but it didn't have to be dark to go the distance. Amateurs reported spanning distances as great as 10,000 miles, which was unthinkable. Australia and New Zealand were described in the fall of 1923 as a bedlam of Yankee signals. The amateurs proved something huge. Shortwave could do round the clock, what AM could only do at night. It could use the ionosphere as a springboard. And this changed the game for AM broadcasters who wanted their station to reach more people. In 1923, Pittsburgh's KDKA, the country's first commercial radio station, they got their station on shortwave and reached as far as South Africa. New shortwave stations started up in Switzerland and Japan and Venezuela. And with the scars of World War I still fresh, this burgeoning international medium was a source of hope. There was a lot of utopian discourse around radio that, you know, having allowed people to communicate across all these borders, you know, would there be no more wars? Michelle Helms is a retired professor of media studies who has written a lot about radio. It would, you know, solve all kinds of problems, just a huge enthusiasm over the possibilities of shortwave as a medium. Entire magazines were devoted to helping people discover new shows on international radio. Listeners would write to far-flung stations, and the stations would reply with these beautifully decorated cards branded with the station name, and maybe some imagery that evoked the national culture of wherever they were broadcasting from. They're called QSL cards. It's international code for I confirm receipt of your transmission. Shortwave listeners around the world amassed collections of these ornate cards, tangible evidence of their part in an ethereal global community. By the late 1930s, almost all home radio sets had AM and shortwave settings. But the peacenik aspirations for shortwave didn't last. It was the first time that human beings had had it in their power to be heard around the world, and a lot of governments figured out that this could be a really powerful tool for the common good, but also, of course, for the waging of wars. Lots of the world's governments had taken to the shortwaves by the 1930s, but no nation used them quite like Germany. This is Germany calling. We are going to convince you that a local play in Hamburg visions of invasion. Zeesen, Germany's state-run shortwave service, had spent years building a large following in America and around the world, playing things like orchestral music. But in time, they started pushing out Nazi propaganda, tailored for specific countries in 12 different languages. And with its own festering Nazi movement, the U.S. was a key target. You had people like Ex-Sally. This is Berlin call. And I'd just like to say that from Berlin call, it paid to listen. She was an American living in Berlin. She became the first American woman to be convicted of treason after the war, but she was broadcasting into the United States on shortwave. Women of America waiting for the one who lives, thinking of the husband who is being sacrificed by Franklin D. Roosevelt. You might have heard of a person called Lord Ha Ha. The great exodus from Britain is well underway. He was a British man named William Joyce, who was working in Germany, broadcasting on their shortwave service. There was also a big band called Charlie and his Orchestra, run by the German Ministry of Propaganda. They'd take popular big band and swing songs and add or change lyrics to berate Roosevelt or denigrate Jewish people. They were trying to persuade Americans that, you know, that the Germans had the right side in the war and that it was crazy for them to fight. The US government had banned all editorializing on domestic radio stations during the war, making it illegal for Americans to promote the Nazi cause on the AM airwaves. But the Feds didn't have any control over shortwave broadcasts beaming in from Germany. So the content was still there for the many Americans who wanted to listen. Journalists at CBS and NBC launched counter-offensives. The networks had what were called shortwave listening posts in New York. Susan Douglas again. And they had people who were fluent in foreign languages, monitoring international shortwave broadcasts. And then they turned their findings into entertainment like the hit CBS radio series hosted by a popular detective novelist named Rex Stout. It was called Our Secret Weapon. The truth is a weapon that isn't secret in our country, but it's a big secret to the people who live in Germany, Japan and Italy. Our enemies don't have this weapon. They don't dare let their people know the truth. Every week, radio sleuths Stout debunked enemy shortwave propaganda. First, a broadcast of the official German news agency on August 2nd. The meeting between Churchill and Stalin was very excited and hysterical. It assumed that on August 8th, being at England, this morning Churchill shook hands with Stalin at the Kremlin. As we now know, Churchill actually arrived in Moscow on August 12th. You can't beat that for a scoop. The rest of the allies were also busy fighting Germany's shortwave radio propaganda. It was during World War II that the BBC ramped up what would come to be known as the World Service on shortwave. This is London calling in the O.C. service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. They broadcast news to the world with just a bit of pro-allie spin. The Danes have already had a taste of what German protection means. A better word for it would be plunder, for the Germans are seizing goods and property at will. And in early 1942, the U.S. followed suit. The federal government debuted its shortwave radio service, The Voice of America, with an in-language broadcast to Germany. This is a voice speaking from America. Our voices are coming to you from New York, across the Atlantic Ocean to London. The Voice of America started as a government-run radio show, and they partnered with networks like NBC and CBS to get it out worldwide. NBC and CBS were already broadcasting overseas via shortwave. But shortwave quickly proved so central to the war effort that the U.S. government did something unprecedented. They nationalized all the roughly one dozen shortwave stations broadcasting from U.S. soil, filling the international airwaves with approved broadcasts. Daily at this time we shall speak to you about America and the war. The news may be good or bad. We shall tell you the truth. And for the most part, they did that, if a bit selectively. Michelle Helms. They were walking a fine line between willful propaganda and sort of putting a good spin on things. As the U.S. sent more troops into battle, it used shortwave to boost morale. They began to transmit entertainment programming via shortwave to the troops. Susan Douglas again. And this was so important during holidays like Christmas and New Year's when there you are freezing and alone and scared. They had programs that would allow troops to speak to people back at home, you know, oh here's mailbag and we have letters from soldiers and they would read them aloud. Dear mother, tonight I'm very lonely. I've never written that before and maybe it's a shock to you. And then again maybe you've ran between the lines and have known it all along. There was a very popular program called GI Jive with Jill. Here's Jill and the GI Jive. Hi you fellas, this is GI Jill with GI Jive. You know the World Series. 1942 World Series broadcast. You've got to have the World Series. The Voice of America was very highly respected and many people think that it, you know, did a great deal to help us win the war. By the end of the Second World War, the Voice of America blanketed much of the world. It ran in about 40 languages. But they were about to get lots of company on the airwaves because in the Cold War, the shortwaves exploded. That's coming up after the break. Okay, the rest of On The Media's episode one of the Divided Dial, season two, when we come back. Music Music HUBBA HUBBA There it is. The feeling of food hub. HUBBA HUBBA The feeling of your favourite takeaways delivered to your door. HUBBA HUBBA The feeling of one app, one tap and all your favourite restaurants in one place. HUBBA HUBBA Get that HUBBA HUBBA feeling when you order your favourite takeaways with Food Hub. Download from your app store today. HUBBA HUBBA This week on the New Yorker Radio Hour, I'll talk with the actor John Lithgow, who's on Broadway playing the author, Roald Dahl, whose anti-Semitic statements caused an international scandal. His anti-Semitism is obvious, like a leaky car battery. It's just in between the lines, in some cases just explicit. John Lithgow joins me next time on the New Yorker Radio Hour from WNYC. Listen wherever you get your podcasts. Madigan, Radio Lab, Back to Katie, Divided Dial on the Media. This is On The Media. I'm Katie Thornton, host of OTM's Divided Dial series. We're right in the middle of episode one of our second season. Before the break, we heard about how groups like the VOA dominated the shortwaves at the end of World War II. But during the Cold War, shortwave would become so much more. Radio, this is Tehran Radio Iran. Yes, right, of course, it's right here. You are tuned to the North American service of Radio Moscow. The VOA, the BBC, the Soviet Union, China, Egypt, Iran, Argentina, and so many others were on shortwave, broadcasting their national identity to the world in stories and song. They were joined by newly decolonized nations like Libya and Ghana, whose leaders saw the shortwaves as a way to promote their independence and to fuel an international anti-colonial movement. But the global superpowers, the U.S. and the Soviet Union, were two of the most dominant voices on shortwave. And shortwave became one of the most ferocious battlegrounds of the Cold War. At that for the Soviet Union was Radio Moscow. Founded in 1929, the USSR's government-run network broadcast in over 70 languages. With news, propaganda, and human interest stories, it offered a Soviet alternative to the BBC and the VOA. The America hit a new high in crime, and according to FBI reports to the president, nearly half of the criminals were young people. The causes of this menacing situation are well known. The pornographic pictures distributed among adolescents and the exhibitions of abstract paintings and statues that say nothing to either the heart or the mind. The BBC and the VOA were expanding too, sending more and more coverage over the Iron Curtain. But the United States government wanted to reach people in Eastern Europe with messages that weren't so obviously propaganda as the literal voice of America. So they lied. Radio Free Europe gets through with the truth every day. Debuting in 1950, Radio Free Europe was a flame-throwing anti-communist shortwave network. Into the closed communist countries of Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania go the facts. The people are not allowed to hear the truth. The truth that helps them hold onto the will and the drive. It was portrayed as grassroots, run by emigres and exiles, and it did employ those folks. But secretly, it was funded by the CIA, which was busy meddling in global politics and supporting pro-capitalist coups during these Cold War years. Vola Hlas, Svobodnyi Cheskoslovenska, Radio Svobodna, Evropa Staff at Radio Free Europe launched weather balloons into the Eastern Bloc and airdropped over 300 million leaflets, instructing listeners on how to tune in. The Soviet Union did not like any of this. They spent tons of money trying to drown out Western broadcasts. They'd flood the shortwaves with ear-splitting noises that listeners recalled sounding like a buzzsaw or a machine gun. Sometimes the battle went beyond the airwaves, like when a Czechoslovakian double agent poisoned the salt shakers at Radio Free Europe's Munich office. That plot was foiled before any of the 1,200-plus employees sat down for lunch. Years later, a Radio Free Europe journalist died after allegedly being stabbed with a poison-tipped umbrella. But these U.S.-run shortwave stations weren't just beaming out journalism. In the 1950s and 60s, music, especially jazz, was a key component in the U.S. government's shortwave campaign. This is the voice of America. The federal government ran a Jazz Ambassador program that sent musicians like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington on tours around the world. They focused on countries that the Soviet Union was also hoping to win over. All the while, though, many of these very same musicians faced racism and segregation at home. And on the shortwaves, Radio Moscow and others were ready to exploit this contradiction. The revolutionary people of Cuba sympathized with all people who struggled for social justice. In the early 1960s, Cuba's government-run service Radio Havana regularly beamed this show, Radio Free Dixie, up to the United States. Radio Free Dixie was hosted by U.S. Black Power activist Robert F. Williams. He was on the Lamb in Cuba fleeing drummed-up charges that were later dropped. And he broadcast a perspective that couldn't be found in the mainstream U.S. media. One Negro goes to the White House as a member of the president's cabinet. While another is gunned down like a wild dog for using a white folk's toilet, it should be more than clear to us that if we are ever going to be free, we must liberate ourselves. Outlets like Radio Moscow and Radio Havana, one followers around the world with their mix of propaganda and just factual reporting on civil rights abuses in the U.S. Governments saw winning people over on shortwave as a key path to winning the Cold War. So even after the CIA's secretive role at Radio Free Europe was revealed in the early 70s, not much changed. In fact, Congress increased its budget, and they kept pumping out news and tunes. Increasingly, they played the defiant and oh-so-American sound of rock music, which was heavily censored in the USSR and Eastern Bloc. On the U.S.'s government-run taxpayer-funded shortwave stations, they broadcast groups like Metallica and Motley Crue to listeners around the world. By the early 1980s, the U.S. government's shortwave stations reached an estimated 80 million people each week. It took tons of manpower, and it was a huge infrastructure project, too. The government had miles upon miles of fields filled with antennas. But one man didn't think that was enough. On the home front, Ronald Reagan had vetoed public broadcasting budgets and overseen a massive deregulation of the airwaves that allowed for big businesses and conservative and religious broadcasters to dominate AM and FM radio. You know, season one of the divided dial. But on international radio, on shortwave, the great deregulator had no qualms about spending taxpayer dollars. He poured public money into the VOA and Radio Free Europe. Reagan's administrators rung their hands over what to do about rock music. Lots of them didn't believe it represented the best of Western culture. But after long internal debates, they decided to keep the rebellious racket going on the shortwaves. Meanwhile, on the journalism side, Reagan led a shakeup by sidestepping one of the voice of America's long-held tenets. The idea that a free press is the U.S.'s best advertisement. Sure, that idea hadn't always been perfectly executed, but Reagan opted instead for more heavy-handed anti-communist propaganda. Reagan's VOA ran explicit editorials on behalf of the administration. Many longtime leaders resigned, replaced by more amenable colleagues, including Richard W. Carlson, father of right-wing bloviator Tucker Carlson. And it was Reagan who launched a costly new shortwave service targeting Cuba with hardline anti-communist messages. Today, I'm appealing to the Congress, help us get the truth through, and support our proposal for a new radio station, Radio Marti, for broadcasting to Cuba. While public broadcasting floundered at home, government subsidized propaganda and bad hair metal reverberated on shortwave, from the U.S. to the world. In its first seven decades of life, shortwave transformed from an idealistic experiment in global cooperation into a hardened government tool of information warfare. And then, in the late 1980s, much of the medium's reason for being crumbled. In Eastern Europe, which the Soviets had held by force since World War II, Mikhail Gorbachev said that Moscow would no longer interfere. Serious fighting begins in the early morning. A staccato of machine gun bursts punctuated by cannon fire. In the last weeks and months, we've seen one Communist Party FDR, the one released in Europe, knocked off its perch by the people. The Cold War was over. On this medium that seemed almost tailor-made for propaganda, there was vacancy, airtime, for rent. And in the U.S., a particular group of people was ready to snatch it up. You must form your militia unit. They know he's to the federal government, which is a counterfeit enemy foreign government. Are you a white woman such as myself who is sick of being harassed and tormented? Call Aryan Nations for a wider, brighter America. We don't want to have to kill you. We hope to not have to kill you. But we can kill you. And if need be, we will kill you. Well, what are a few lives in the grand scheme of liberty? I'm sure you are now seeing reports of some things that are regularly said over the airwaves in America today. These stations and the programs grew, and they took over. They dominated. What is associated in the public's mind was shortwave. It's no longer the BBC World Service. Now it's the guys who helped Timothy McVeigh bomb a federal building. Next time on the Divided Dial, it's the shortwave story you've never heard. The private citizens who took over a fringe medium with a fringe message and used it to build a movement that fundamentally changed mainstream U.S. politics. The Divided Dial is written and reported by me, Katie Thornton, and edited by OTM's executive producer, Katya Rogers. Music and sound design is by Jared Paul. Jennifer Munson is our technical director. Fact-checking by Graham Hayesha. This series was made possible with support from the Fund for Investigative Journalism. Okay, that's it. Episode one, season two of On the Media's Divided Dial. You can listen to the rest of this series wherever you get podcasts. Just find On the Media. You'll see in the episodes list season two of The Divided Dial, or you can go to onthemedia.org. Up near the top, there's a little tab for The Divided Dial. You can listen there. It's great. The next episodes get into conspiracies, militias, cults, very much mirroring what you see on the internet today. And then, of course, the Wall Street thing. You'll hear about the Wall Street thing. So, yeah, go listen. Again, I'm Matt Hilty. We'll be back soon with some new episodes for you. So until then, goodbye. Hi, I'm Aisha and I'm from Plano, Texas. And here are the staff credits. Radio Lab was created by Chad Abumrod and is edited by Zorn Wheeler. Luzel Miller and Lottie Knosser are our co-hosts. Dylan Keith is our director, Santhe Sine. Our staff includes Simon Adler, Jeremy Bloom, Becca Breusler, W. Harry Fortuna, David Gebel, Rebecca Lax, Maria Cospateras, Sindhu Nyanasambandam, Matt Kilty, Annie McGuin, Alex Meason, Thara Kari, Sarah Sandback, Anisa Vita, Arianne Wack, Pat Walters, Molly Webster, Jessica Young, with help from Rebecca Rand. Our fact-trickers are Diane Kelly, Emily Krieger, Anna Pujol-Mazzini, and Natalie Middleton. Hi, this is Michelle, colleagues from Richardson, Texas. Leadership support for Radio Lab Science Programming is provided by the Simons Foundation and the John Templeton Foundation. Foundational support for Radio Lab was provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. Hubba Hubba. There it is, the feeling of food hub. Hubba Hubba. 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