Hi, I'm Wendy Zuckerman and you're listening to Science Vases. And you know what's absolutely bonkers? I've been saying those words to you all for ten years. That's right, this show that you are listening to right now, Science Vases, it's celebrating its 10th birthday this year. And so a few months ago we invited you, Al Duster's, to send us some voicemails with your thoughts on the show. My name is Oliver I am from Mexico. This is Molly from Denver, Colorado. My name is Elaine, a Brazilian biologist living in New Zealand. I just wanted to leave a message here to express my appreciation of your show. I see it's your birthday coming pretty soon and it's walnut, which you will happy birthday science vases. I absolutely love it. I have enjoyed every single fantastic episode. I got instantly hooked much like my favourite pint of ice cream. You guys as soon as I see you, I just have to inhale. It was really amazing hearing about all the things that you'd learned from the show and how in some cases the science really shook things up for you. There is an episode of Science Vases that still haunts me to this day and it's the episode of brushing your teeth. I feel like ever since I heard that episode I've lost all faith in the institution of tooth brushing. I've always been a little bit blasé about microplastics but now I have two little daughters in the new evidence linking female hormones to microplastics. Release cared me a bit. I remember one episode was something that marked me and that was one where you talked about a pandemic and the potential implications of a pandemic in them and then well, it COVID happened. Yeah, and for a while, everyone thought we were witches, which maybe we are science witches. Thank you to the teacher who uses our episodes for her classroom. Just wanted to say hello to the family who listened to us while driving in the dark to a volcano in Hawaii. I wish I could have been there for real. To those who were eating more fiber and doing more journaling, thanks to our episodes. I hope it's working for you and that you're booze in your mind of feeling better. To the dad who found out his daughter had Alice in Wonderland syndrome with the help of our episode, I'm just really happy we could help. And thank you to this listener who told us about another episode that hit in a very different way. It was our episode on cannabis. So for a long time, I personally decided that it's not really for me. I'm not going to do that, but I always find it really difficult as it's getting more popular and more popular. For context, my mum has layers of coats, like, coats of sort of, that was I guess triggered a little bit by Marijuana. And I listening to this episode made me feel really, really secure in my personal choices to not smoke pot. And so thank you for that. I appreciate it. Thank you to everyone who called in and who's been listening to the show. After the break, we've got some real treats for you. We're going to share some science versus moments that were a huge deal for us. Plus, something a lot of you probably haven't heard before. It's the pilot episode of science versus, and it's about the paleo diet. Remember this diet? So we're going to find out if we should all be eating like cavemen. It's all coming up. This episode is brought to you by Vanta. Get started today at Vanta.com. Welcome back today. We're taking a little trip down memory lane to talk about some of the highlights of the past decade of science versus. So since 2015, we've made around 250 episodes, diving deep on the science of all sorts of things, diseases, drugs, diets, plus some stuff that really freaked people out before basically falling off the radar. Like 5G. Remember when people were afraid of that? So now we're going to talk about a couple of major moments for us. And first up, the orgasm gap, which is this idea that when cis men and cis women have sex with each other, the men are way more likely to have an orgasm than the women are. We did an episode on this way back in 2020 when the show was an unruly five-year-old. It was a very fun episode. But we wanted to talk about it today because this was the first time that science versus did our own research for the show. We saw that there really wasn't much science around the orgasm gap for folks who are queer or trans. And so we surveyed you guys. Our listeners, more than 5,000 of you responded, which was totally amazing. And then we worked with sex researchers from Queen's University in Canada to analyze what we found. And just this year, the research got published in a peer-reviewed journal. Talk about a climax. Now, we're going to play a little bit of that original orgasm gap episode. Enjoy. Okay. Our first stop is to figure out what exactly is going on when we're going to be able to when we have an orgasm. And for that, we're starting with the biggest, most powerful, robbing, veiny sex organ. The brain. The brain. This is NAN-wise. She was a clinician helping people with their sex lives for decades. But there was something missing in her understanding of sex. And so? And went back to grad school to become a neuroscientist when I turned 50. When NAN finished grad school, she set up one of the only studies we have looking at what's going on in the brain during an orgasm. Because she wanted to see what's firing when we're all fired up. First up, NAN got 14 women who said they were up for having an orgasm while in an MRI. But right away, NAN hit this big problem. The number one enemy and brain studies is movement. To get a clean scan in an MRI, your head needs to be perfectly still, which is a bit tough when you're having a wank. So NAN had to invent something that the women would wear on their heads to keep it still. And after a couple of years of trial and error, she settled on the design. With what we call the Hannibal Hector Happy Helmet. The Hannibal! And it really was a scary looking contraction. It was a long-used plastic that molded to the shape of each subject's head and then cut out the eye and nose holes. It kind of looks like having your head wrapped in white construction fencing or like your Kanye on the Yeezer's tour. So imagine you're lying in this MRI, head all cased up, and inside an MRI. It's loud, loud, loud. It kind of sounds like… Bum, bum, bum, bum, bum, bum, bum, bum, bum. So they put in earplugs. And now it's orgasm time. The women in the study are lying down with their head in the MRI and the lower half of their body is out of the scanner. In part of NAN's experiment, she had the women's partners touch their genitals until they came. But there were complications here too. With the women stuck in the MRI with the earplugs in and that loud noise, the couple's going to talk to each other. So the women in the scanner would have to press a button to say they've started orgasming. And NAN would then relay that to the partners who were wearing headphones. The partner would hear your partner is having an orgasm. Then the participant would press a button, orgasm was finished. And the partner would hear, stop stimulating. Your partner's orgasm is complete. And so these partners have your voice in there while they are trying to give their partners an orgasm. Right. So I sounded a bit like a deranged, I guess, stewardess. So tell me, do you think that you could orgasm in that situation? I had to. I was the test pilot for everything. I had more orgasms in that scanner to the point that I should have frequent flyer miles. And I actually had a very funny incident when I was in the scanner using a purple dildo. And it slipped out of my hands and it went flying. So after the scanner went off, I said, you stand, we have a problem. We dildo went into orbit. That was from our episode called orgasms come for the science. You should definitely go back and have a listen to the rest if you haven't heard it. It's a bag up. And you can find our new scientific paper in the journal Psychology and Sexuality. We'll link to it in the citations, of course. Now we're going to shift to something that's not really a sexy, though it still gets our nickers in a twist, vaccines. So back in 2017, we first looked into the science of whether vaccines and in particular, the measles, mumps and rebella vaccine or MMR causes autism. And it's something that I didn't think we'd still be talking about almost 10 years later. But this claim just won't die. In fact, earlier this month, the CDC changed its website to suggest that the evidence on vaccines and autism is still murky, which doesn't track with the science. So we're going to play a bit of our original episode about this. And just to set it up, the idea that vaccines caused autism was first championed by a British doctor called Andrew Wakefield. He since become a big campaigner against vaccines. But he wasn't like that in the 1990s. Back in the late 1990s, Andrew was quite different. He was a gastroenterologist working at the Royal Free Hospital in School of Medicine in London. And his research, which connected the measles, mumps and rebella vaccine to autism, was being published in a prestigious journal, The Lancet. And it was being taken seriously. So let's take a close look at it. Andrew and his colleagues studied 12 kids. Some of whose parents said that they had gotten autism soon after getting the vaccine. Now specifically, Andrew was looking at the kids' guts and he found that some of them had a bit of inflammation in there. Now from that, he thought, that vaccine must have caused the inflammation, which then led to their autism. Now, even though this was a really small study, which when you think about it, it didn't really prove anything. Andrew dropped up a lot of media attention and started telling parents not to vaccinate their kids with the measles, mumps and rebella vaccine, also called the MMR. He is on ABC News. There is a great deal of evidence stacking up to suggest that the parents' contention that their child regressed after an MR is indeed correct. Scientists scrambled to figure out if Andrew was right and that the measles mumps and rebella shot could cause autism. The first studies that put Andrew's theory to the test came out about a year later. And while that's fast in the world of science, it wasn't fast enough. Science takes time. I think the time was not on our side. Daniel Salman is a professor of public health at Johns Hopkins University. And he says, those studies were too late for public opinion. If we would have had good, solid data sooner, I suspect that public concerns wouldn't have grown as quickly as they did. And people might have been reassured by those data. One of the first follow-up studies looked at every kid diagnosed with autism in a part of the UK. This was almost 500 kids. And it found no link between the measles mumps and rebella vaccine and autism. Soon, more and more studies would come out, involving well over a million children, all showing no connection between getting the vaccine and kids getting autism. Those studies were done by different investigators, different scientists, in different countries using different methods, and they were all negative. Meanwhile, Andrew Wakefield's original paper was retracted. It turned out that he had messed around with facts about the patient's medical histories. And by 2011, an editorial in the British Medical Journal called the paper, quote, fatally flawed both scientifically and ethically. End quote. That was from our 2017 episode, Vaccines Are They Safe. And it's been really interesting for us, thinking back over the past 10 years. And just really thinking about how the fight against dodgy information online has just gotten so big with the rise of social media and new media, like podcasts, it's just brought this onslaught of garbage that in many cases seems to have this glow of science around it. And part of what we're trying to do on the show is to, of course, help you understand what's real and what's not. Also, to show you where some of the misinformation that you're seeing is coming from and why it's so easy for even really smart people to get sucked in. And as we were looking back on all of our episodes, one stood out as being a really clear example of that. It's our episode on Ivan Mecton, which is this drug that's been used for a long time to treat stuff like parasitic worms and scabies. But some doctors got really excited that it could also help folks with COVID. And one of those doctors was Dr. Pierre Corey. He became a big believer in Ivan Mecton, talked it up in places like the US Senate and on Joe Rogan's podcast. But it turned out that lots of this hype was based on early studies, some of which ended up being a bit dodgy, possibly even fraudulent. And when we got better studies later on with thousands of people, we found out that Ivan Mecton did not work for COVID. But when I talked about all of this with Dr. Pierre Corey for our episode, he just couldn't believe that newer science telling us Ivan Mecton didn't work. And so what would you need to see to not believe that I've been mecton works here? Oh, I love that question. I would have to unsee the hundreds of patients that I saw over the past year. So that would be the short answer to your question. So I have to pretend that I didn't treat them. The studies are over on the list. So nothing. So nothing? Nothing? I don't understand. I don't understand how you can ask me. So I'll tell you why you're asking that question because you are in a world where Ivan Mecton is unproven. So you might get this wrong, Dr. Corey. And so what would it take for you to admit that you're wrong? And I'm sorry, I don't have an answer. I don't know about being wrong. I know it's a fact. You don't, I don't know. I'm done with that question. I think I answered it. To get me to believe in a person's work, to get me to believe in this work is just an empty exercise. I can't pretend that you can do that. Right. We spoke for almost two hours. Okay. Here's the deal. And now I'm just going to speak plainly and I really don't care what you or your listeners think. Okay? You could just write me off as a completely biased clinician, so committed to Ivan Mecton. He can't see anymore. I'm fine with that. And you know what? Concluded it doesn't work and make sure that no one else uses it. That's exactly what they want to have happen. This is a war on repurposed drugs. But what if it's not? What if it's not? Like what if what if you remove what if you remove the conspiracy? I won't do it anymore. So when he can I just say that this is where probably our conversation will end because I can no longer pretend that's the case. And there's no way you can ask me to do that. And let's just leave it as this subject should be under term. So Dr. Corey thinks everything's a conspiracy and he's refusing to look at high quality data that shows it doesn't work. So either I've lost my honest conspiracy theorist or you're a victim of propaganda. There's the only two conclusions. And it's my opinion. It's my opinion that you are you are an unfortunate victim of relentless propaganda as well as the doctors you talked to. And what's my opinion that I'm someone who's lost in conspiracy theory. That's fine. You you're thinking that this is all a mass delusion that everyone's a little enthusiastic and they decided to study it and their biases led to some false conclusion that it worked. And that's a really cute story, but it's just not true. After chatting with Pierre Corey me and the science versus team actually looked at all of this again to say, did we miss something? And we've been taken for a ride. And what's clear is that Ivermectin is not a blockbuster drug for COVID. Whatever is going on with Ivermectin, it's not saving bucket loads of really sick people. If it was, we'd see it clearly in the data and we don't. And you know, there are more trials coming along. So we'll wait and see what they say. And for now, the best data we have tells us that Ivermectin really isn't doing much here. And the thing is, I don't need a conspiracy theory to explain any of this because I've heard this story before many times that science gets excited about a drug. There's a flurry of research. And what comes out is that we realize, nah, it doesn't work. Grab a beer with anyone studying cancer or Alzheimer's and they'll tell you a story like that. In fact, it's kind of a story I've come to expect. That is science versus. That's from our episode Ivermectin, the story of a wonder drug. After the break, should you go on the paleo diet? We go way back in the science versus time machine to our pilot episode. Plus stick around for one of our all time favorite moments from 10 years of science versus. Welcome back. Here's to the 10th anniversary of science versus. Thank you so much for listening. I don't have said that a few times in this episode, but I really do appreciate it. So on this show over the years, we've covered a lot of diets from keto, to veganism, to fasting, fears around ultra processed foods and seed oils. And it's interesting because the very first episode of science versus was a diet episode as I mentioned, it was about the paleo diet, which is this idea that we should all be eating like our cave dwelling ancestors. And so we're going to play it for you now. This episode was published with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, which is where science versus started. And so I just want to thank the ABC so much for letting us publish it today. And thank you for letting me start science versus. I wouldn't be on this journey without you. So thanks to the ABC. All right, let's jump in. His word all began. Welcome to Science versus the show where we pit fact against fat. I'm Wendy Zuckerman. And today we're dissecting the paleo diet. Researchers have been celebrating a breakthrough, a. You wreak a discovery. And covering the sinister secrets. Scientists across the world. Oh, first. This is the idea that if you eat like our ancestors did in paleolithic times, you can lose weight, stay off illness and live at the peak of health. The followers say they are shedding drastic amounts of weight and are warding off the rehabilitating disease. It's a caveman diet is the most Google diet on the planet. We need to eat the way nature intended us to eat. The paleo diet is described by some as a third, a marketing ploy and a third. It's offering a different paradigm from what is considered the norm. So it's going to get shot down a little bit. Amidst the cave madness, we're about to find out if this diet is healthy and whether we should all be on it. But first, what even is the paleo diet? Well, the original prescription by Dr. Lauren Coudain, who wrote the paleo diet, said that our diet should consist of lean meats, fish, leafy green nuts, berries. That's Darryl Edwards. He's a paleo advocate and author of the book Paleo Fitness. And we should issue processed food, unnecessary sugar and sweetness, and avoid anti-nutrients. Anti-nutrients. We'll get to those a little later. Now also paleo fans completely cut out dairy because paleo people didn't have cows. I don't eat any dairy at all. And also no legumes. So this means no cheese, no chickpeas, no pelucpania for you. None of that. And that's all fine. But then there's science. Officially, the paleolithic period begins around 2.5 million years ago. No, T-Rex was dead long before this. Okay, and it goes until around 10,000 years ago. Really, before we figured out agriculture. So what were our early ancestors eating back then? So I would assume they would have eaten quite a lot of plant foods, probably fruits, seeds. They turned increasingly to animal source foods. This is Catherine Milton. She's a professor at the University of California in Berkeley. And when it comes to knowing what our ancestors ate, she's one of the best in the business. So I went to Brazil and over about 15-year period I was able to work with seven different indigenous groups in the Brazilian Amazon who had been very little contacted by outsiders. She's also studied non-human primates to get an idea about what our monkey cousins were eating. So, what does our primatologist think of the paleo diet? Well, the thing is I honestly don't know what people mean when they talk about the paleo diet because there were hundreds of different paleo diets. Because people were eating what was around them. So if you lived near the ocean, you'd be eating lots of fish. If you lived in the Andes mountains, you might have been eating cashews. And this means that when people say they're going paleo, they're not eating a diet that resembles what one person living in paleolithic times would have eaten. They're getting their apples maybe from the Middle East, their avocados from Mexico, baramundi, from northern Australia. I mean, this is a traveling, traveling caveman. But the thing you have to understand is if someone is a hunter-gatherer, which is what our ostensibly paleo ancestors were, that means they are eating only wild plant foods and wild animal foods. So it would be, I would think, extremely difficult for anyone, you know, with a normal job or anything in the United States, to fancy that they were eating anything remotely similar to a quote, any of the quote, paleolithic diets. But when I put this to Darrell Edwards, our paleo advocate, he actually had a pretty convincing answer I thought. Did they eat broccoli 50,000 years ago? Probably not. It was probably a wild variant of the modern day broccoli plant. But we do know the classification that will mimic the paleo lifestyle. But Catherine is quite adamant that any food you get today is so far removed from what cave people would have been eating that you should really just forget this idea that you're eating paleo at all. She even says... The paleo diet just seemed to me to be very counter our primate heritage, very counter our digestive physiology and unlikely to provide us with much other than the fact that staying away from processed materials is probably a very good idea. Plus, the paleo diet excludes potatoes. Do you know... You love? Well, I just love because of the enormous amounts of potatoes that are consumed in the Andes and Highland New Guinea and so on. I mean, they would be quite shocked if they knew they couldn't have the YAM or the sweet potato or the solanacious potato. Other things that in no nose grains are another one. Well, you know what they say. Take away the grains and 80% of the world's population will be gone within a few weeks. So, you know, this is kind of ludicrous, really. Conclusion. This so-called paleo diet is not paleolithic. And you know what? Even Darryl Edwards, who wrote the book Paleo Fitness, acknowledges this. Paleolithic or the paleo is just a label that best describes what we're aiming for, but we don't have to go that far back. We can go back to just a few generations and realise that some of the foods that were have been very recent introduced to us. And even in the last 20, 30 years, there will have been a lot of foods and a lot of artificial sweetness and preservatives and the like that we have no idea what they're all. We do have a great idea as to what they're doing to our health today. So just going back a few generations, in my opinion, would be good enough for most people. I'm not sure that you can sneak out of this so easily though, because the thrust behind this paleo diet argues that humans take tens of thousands of years to evolve so that they can eat certain foods. And if it's okay to just go back a few generations, then that's a different philosophy, isn't it? Which takes us to our next question. Is this so-called paleo diet even healthy? Because while the elimination of some processed foods is a good thing, there are other foods that are excluded from this diet. Like Darryl, it's a no-no. Because two million years ago, we hadn't domesticated cows yet. My cows should might get from sardines with the bones, great source of calcium. I also get them from leafy greens. So do you need to eat Darryl to get enough calcium for healthy bones? Well, how does a gorilla get Darryl? He's Katherine Milton again. Because wild plants, many wild plants have very high concentrations of calcium and they're able to get all of the calcium that they require from their wild plant diets. So you might be able to keep your bones strong on a diet without Darry, if you track what you're eating. Another potential issue with a paleo diet is how much meat you're eating. Here's Darryl Edwards. If so, I'll definitely always have some animal protein on a daily basis. And in terms of the amount, it might be a hundred grams of steak. It's not excessive amounts of meat or fish. It might not be excessive, but according to the most recent guidelines from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, that's still too much meat. These days, they're recommending about 65 grams of red meat per day maximum, or instead, a hundred grams of fish. That's about one medium-sized meatball. And what happens if you go overboard? The strongest evidence is a relationship between red meat and increased risk of colorectal cancer. That's Jonathan Hallett, from the collaboration for evidence research and impacting public health at Curtin University in Perth. But also links with lung and renal cancer and potentially pancreatic cancers. Jonathan says that the potential overconsumption of meat is particularly troubling, given that the paleo diet says you're not allowed to have processed grains, including whole wheat bread. Whole grains in particular are packaged with brand and fiber, and we know that there's evidence for that around preventing the formation of small blood clots. It helps a lot of cholesterol, moves away through the digestive tract. So if you're both consuming large amounts of, say, red meat, which we know has a link to colorectal cancer, and then you're not consuming whole grains, which we know is linked to preventing colorectal cancer, you know, what is that actually going to do? Well, apparently, increased your risk of colorectal cancer. A final question on the paleo diet is about these so-called anti-nutrients. Now, these are often found in plants as a defense against predators, and according to Darrell, avoid anti-nutrients where possible. And this is why you shouldn't eat potatoes, legumes, and wheat because they're chock full of these anti-nutrients. He says that in the worst case, it can kill you, but more likely. You might incur some slight sickness, or you may have suffer illness over a longer period of time. But there's no human studies that have demonstrated that well, and the founder of the paleo movement, Dr. Lauren Cordain, even admits that on his website. Plus, anti-nutrients aren't necessarily anti-your health. Dorimaro Nova, who's a professor at Curtin University in Perth and works with Jonathan Hallett, told me via email that, quote, So some of these anti-nutrients, for example, have been found to have antioxidant and anti-cancer qualities. Even in the paleo-loving world, this issue legumes large. Chris Cresser, who's the author of your personal paleo code, for example, reckons it's okay to eat legumes. Okay, so when it comes to science versus the paleo diet, does it stack up? Well, although the diet isn't paleo, and it's littered with these frustrating pseudo-sciencey words or science words used badly, it's understandable that people are moving towards the sorts of diets, particularly when conventional medicine isn't giving them satisfying responses. So take out paleo advocate, Darryl Edwards, for example. Now, he found the paleo way of life because he was in really bad shape. He'd pretty much eaten chocolate bars and microwaves spaghetti for a decade, and then just found he was in really poor health. So I was at Elevator Riscopart disease. I was pre-diabetic, and the doctor's remedy for that was for me to undergo a medication program which is going to be for the rest of my life. So instead of going on the meds, he searched for a different lifestyle and found the paleo diet, and now he says he's very healthy and no longer pre-diabetic. But based on the science, he probably didn't need to go paleo. So the message for today? Don't say you're on the paleo diet. Sure, reduce your consumption of processed foods and excess sugars. But when it comes to science versus paleo, it's science one, paleo diet, nil. There you go. Season one, episode one of science verses, it was published in May 28th, 2015. We hope you had fun on this trip down memory lane. We really did. I'm going to say it one more time. Thank you so much for listening to the show. We would not be here without you. And so finally, we're going to play you out with perhaps one of our greatest podcasting achievements. Is it the awards we've won? No. Is it the scientific papers we've published? No. It's from an episode we made several years back on sharks. And in this episode, we talked about how sharks have gotten a lot of bad press. And they really need a glow up. This scientist we talked to Dr. Chris Pepp and Neff had just the ticket for how we were going to do this. Sharks have been demonized. And when I do my musical, it's going to be like wicked. It's going to be like wicked. And the shark is going to be the star of the musical. And the shark starts singing, you know, defying gravity and whatever it is. Do you have any songs ready to go? Oh, I'm working on them. I've already bought flawsthemusical.com. Rose? Yeah. Should we help him out a little? I think so. I know you people are scared of me. But I'm not the one to blame. You saw jaws as a child. And now you think I'm a... But I need to eat sometimes. And even if you're on the beach. I'll choose a seal for food. Roll back my eyes. And breathe. All right, my right. Fight. A manatee. But human flesh. It's just not my cup of tea. So I won't pull you down. Sharky. I find that hard to believe. Don't think that. Haven't you been listening to anything? You really don't want to eat humans. No. I just want to fight a manatee. Or maybe a seal. But human flesh. It's really just not what I'm into. So I won't pull you down. That science versus sharks. All right, so we're back to our... Indeed. If you ever want to get in touch, we love hearing from you. We are on Instagram, science, underscore VS. I'm on TikTok at Wendy Zookerman. You can also email us. There's details in the show notes. This episode was produced by Blight Thrall with help from me. Wendy Zookerman, Merrill Horde, Michelle Dange, Rose Fribla, and Akiri Foster Keys. Hannah Harris Green helped produce our orgasm gap episode. Heather Rogers was the lead producer on the vaccines episode. We're edited by Blight Thrall, Mix and Sound Design by Boomi Hidaka, Music written by Boomi Hidaka, Peter Leonard, Emma Munger, So Wiley and Bobby Lord. Thank you so much to all of the folks who have helped make science versus over the years, including Caitlin Kenny, Alex Bloomberg, Matt Lieber, Caitlin Sorry, Angela Stangle, Ben Watts, Nick Del Rose, Diane Wu, Austin Mitchell, Annie Rose Strasser, Martin Perralta, Heather Rogers, Rudy Revinger, Joel Werner, Sindu Justra Nibhassan, Odelia Rubin, Disha Begar, Ari Nitaavitch, Courtney Gilbert, Rose Reed, Taylor White, Russia Aredi, Remy LeCarnick, Lexi Krupp, Emma Munger, Peter Leonard, Catherine Anderson, Sam Behr, Boomi Hidaka, Lauren Silverman, Lily Kim, and so, so many more. Thank you, thank you, thank you, and thank you for listening. Wendy, you and the team have been so, so joyous in your creation and explanation of science, and I can't wait for the next 10 years. Thanks for giving me a tooth-brushing existential crisis every morning, and happy 10 years. Thanks for making this place we call world a little bit more informed, and thus a better place. Thank you, goodbye, Adios. I'm Wendy Zuckerman, back to you next time.
