Hello, I'm Michael Connolly, and you're listening to Killer in the Code, solving the Black Dahlia and Zodiac cases. This is Chapter 10, and since we began this podcast eight weeks ago and exposed the suspect behind two of the most infamous crimes of the last century, one man has emerged as the villain in the investigation. And it's not Marvin Margolis, the suspect we named. It is the investigator who first named him. Ironically, it is citizen sleuth Alex Baber who is the focus of upset and anger in the online communities dedicated to these crimes and the many theories about who perpetrated them. We're going to take a hard look at Baber and retrace his path to what might be the greatest cold case solve of the century. 50-year-old Alex Baber is not a law enforcement officer and never has been. He's an amateur and never denies it. He describes himself as an autistic genius with a gift for finding, quote, the hidden beneath the hidden. He has a company called Cold Case Consultants of America and offers his skills free of charge to those who need answers in their loved ones' cases. He also conducts his own investigations into some of the greatest mysteries of our time, bringing with him a unique sense of perception, logic, and confidence. One of those mysteries was the long unsolved Zodiac case. Weber's skill set allowed him to do what most claimed was undoable, that is break the Z13 cipher left behind by the Zodiac more than 50 years ago. The Z13, so named for its 13 digits, is also known as the My Name Is cipher because in the letters sent to the San Francisco Chronicle that contained it, the Zodiac claimed that the code contained his name. With the help of a self-written AI program, Baber broke the code after a months-long project to weed through more than 70 million possible names that fit the cipher, including the requirement that the solution contain three letters twice and one three times. The resulting solution, the name Marvin Merrill, turned out to be the alias for Marvin Margolis, a prime suspect in the 1947 murder in Los Angeles of Elizabeth Short, better known as the Black Dahlia. Baber then enlisted a team of investigators to help carry his discovery forward. These were not amateurs. They included Rick Jackson and Mitzi Roberts, both recently retired from the Los Angeles Police Department, where they worked homicides for decades. Roberts had just retired as supervisor of the cold case unit, where she was custodian of the Black Dahlia case for 15 years. Weber's announcement of a solution to the cipher and his linking of the Zodiac and Black Dahlia cases set off a firestorm of debate and pushback, most of which was aimed personally at Weber. His motives were questioned, his honesty was questioned, and despite the independent confirmation by three veteran codebreakers formerly with the National Security Agency, his Z-13 solution was questioned as well. Did I say questioned? That is probably too polite a word. Baber has been attacked by the naysayers most often with misinformation and no shortage of vitriol. So what is it about Alex Baber that upsets so many people? Obviously, many of his critics are well invested in competing theories as to who committed these crimes. If Baber is right, then they're wrong. But there's more to it than that. And even Baber knows that. I'm easy to dislike. And I think it's my personality. And it's not intentional. I come across sometimes arrogant and conceited. It's confidence to me. But there's also a degree that I don't necessarily show the public of me being humble behind the scenes. because people could see me at two in the morning when I get frustrated because, you know, I'm almost there. I'm almost identified. I feel it and I know it's there, but I'm just not able to reach it yet. And while I have to represent the agency and my people as being strong and good at what we do, we're still human and we make mistakes. and you know it's it's it's hard for me to sometimes admit that um because i feel like i failed but i've also learned that failures what got me where i'm at today had i not failed at z18 i would have never approached z13 the way that i did and you know that's one of the things that I'm grateful for is that with age, I've learned to allow myself to be more human and not so insensitive to people or to what they see me as or what they want to see me as, I should say. Rick Jackson has worked closely with Baber for almost a year I point blank asked him what the deal was with Baber How come so many people line up against him His personality can come off sometimes very impatient It can come off arrogant. And I think part of that is the way he's described how his autism has affected his personality style, his directness at times, sometimes his maybe moodiness a little bit. But with all that being said, you know, I mean, I've been working criminal investigations for, you know, four decades now, 36 in homicide, and you work with all different types of people. We as investigators look at evidence. And when Alex presented this, despite him coming off a little bit cocky at times, I couldn't just kind of walk away from this. I was compelled with the evidence to move forward. And Mitzi Roberts, when I explained my interest in having her come on board, has told me the same thing. I have to add another thing is when he has met with other law enforcement, some of the feedback I've gotten is he's so arrogant. And again, I explain about his background and such, and I said he's just so driven and determined. When he gets on something, he does not let it go. And that's part of his personality and part of his autistic nature. And it's also given him the drive to put together what he's put together, which to me, again, is very, very, very compelling evidence. I don't care what anybody says. I'm compelled by it. Baber is a high school dropout who grew up in rural Florida. People online like to claim he grew up in Ohio and finished high school there, but they've got the wrong Baber. Imagine having to defend yourself as a high school dropout. Even further, imagine having to defend yourself against allegations that there weren't killers in your family as you have claimed. That's how upside down the internet can get. But unfortunately for Baber, it is true. On Christmas Eve 1969, his uncle murdered his aunt and her husband, a double-killing witness by a sheriff's deputy. Family lore also held that his grandfather was a killer as well, a man who went unprosecuted because of his standing in the community and the lack of standing of the migrant workers. he may disappear. Diagnosed with autism as a teenager, Baber retreated from school and disappeared into reading. The fictional hero that inspired him was named Sherlock Holmes. I stumbled across a Sherlock Holmes book one time, and I really had no interest in it at first. But once I started reading it, you know, about a chapter or two in, it kind of, you know, had my attention to the point to where I couldn't put the book down. So I ended up reading the book straight through. And I kind of related to him having, you know, this desire to want to help people and to believe that no case is unsolvable. And, you know, his books, there's, no matter how difficult, how complex a murder may be or disappearance he always figures it out he never gives up he believes in himself, he believes in his abilities and he always finds a way he was in all likelihood probably autistic long before the term ever existed he was definitely OCD and I think that his brain was not wired the way that your average individuals would be. Or as mine is, I've been told many times by my doctors as well as people who know me that I don't necessarily think the same way everybody else does in a ring. The next hero that captured Baber's unsettled mind wasn't a fictional character. It was Alan Turing, the English mathematician and cryptanalyst, known as the father of computer science and who played a crucial role in decrypting intercepted messages from the Germans during World War II and helped the Allies defeat the Axis powers. Alan's more of a hero to me than he is an inspiration alone. You know, what he did during World War II, taking the Enigma machine, which was to be uncrackable, right? Believed to be. And he wouldn't take no front answer either. When everybody resisted his vision, they literally, I mean, the guy went through a degree of abuse, to be honest with you, if you ever watch the documentary and read some of the literature on it. And he never wavered. Just the idea of tackling a problem of that magnitude and then achieving the objective to where he, they say he shortened the war by two years. And I believe that he saved probably millions of lives. and ones. He was the beginning of what we have today. Baber said he became fixated on the Zodiac Killer ciphers including the Z13 nearly 20 years ago from the moment he walked out of a movie theater where he had seen the David Fincher film Zodiac It led him down a path that was fraught with amateur missteps and false moves he would later regret, and that would provide misunderstood fodder for his detractors today. Like the boy who cried wolf, Baber had been crying, I solved it, for years. Only it hasn't been the same suspect each time. Though it was a trial and error process, the internet has been unforgiving. In this era of internet sleuthing, where expert status is granted to people who have never investigated a single crime, let alone a cold case murder, Baber ironically finds himself facing internet denizens defending the man he has accused and whose own family has worked with Baber and turned over the most compelling evidence gathered in his investigation. He has faced the scorn of amateur cryptanalysts who say Baber and the independent team of cryptanalysts with more than 100 years of combined code breaking for the NSA are wrong. To me, this is the flip side of the Golden State Killer case, where the work of an amateur sleuth inspired law enforcement to identify a serial killer who had escaped justice for decades. This time, it is the amateur sleuth who's the villain. I sat down to talk to Baber about all this and discuss the crooked paths he took to the Z-13 solution and Marvin Margolis, a.k.a. Marvin Merrill. yeah in the beginning having no understanding of cryptography outside of the average individual i attacked the or attempted to decrypt the z18 which is the final 18 symbols of the z408 that the artists were unable to to identify the key for it and i tried to make a suspect fit a letter frequency or character count and i used anagramming and while the name fit it later i realized that that's not how cryptography works you know if you go in with the assessment in mind you can make just not anybody's name fit if you if you bend the rules and you don't stick to the um the methodologies that you need. And it took me over a decade to realize that. You know, it took me almost 15 years to realize it, to be honest with you. The suspect he pursued all those years was Lawrence Klein, who many to this day believe was the Zodiac Killer. Like Margolis, he moved around often and employed several aliases, including variations of the last name Kane. Baber fixated on him because his high intellect and training made him the perfect author of the Zodiac ciphers. Going down this rabbit hole allowed Baber to put him in proximity to other infamous unsolved cases, and Baber wasn't shy about going to the internet with his findings. Klein died in 2010 in Nevada. But before that, Baber reported that a man had called him on a phone with the Nevada area code to discuss that case, just two days after he posted his Z-18 solution online. Baber believed at the time it was the Zodiac, Lawrence Klein. There are many Baber detractors on the internet who conflate his activities regarding Klein with his more recent findings and point out inconsistencies. For example, asking how could Marvin Margolis have called Baber in 2007 when he died in 1993? Well, the short answer to that is that he didn't, and Baber has not claimed so. Baber continued to name Klein as the Zodiac until as late as 2022, before coming to terms with having gone down the wrong path. I realized that there's no way he was a Zodiac. I was able to eliminate him as a suspect. All the while, Baber was refining his knowledge of cryptology. Being self-taught in most of his life skills, he started over. Once I understood how cryptography worked from a scientific point, it was a different journey for me because then I had to go back to square one and I tackled the Z13 believing that he did in fact provide his name and in order to do that I took a different perspective than maybe before me in history I wanted to get every possible solution and eliminate them until I only had one man standing and that was a very long difficult road it's hard for people to grasp that or comprehend that they say what they will but they weren't there with me working 18-20 hour days six, seven days a week. And I failed many times before I got to where I was at. It wasn't just, you know, I'll go and butterflies and lollipops. There was times that I thought I'd give it up, to be honest with you. We've tried to explain this, or I think we have, but as you just said, it doesn't register with a lot of people. Can you talk about how you created a list of 71 million possible names that would fit that cipher that 13 digit cipher and people must keep in mind there were some rules to those 13 digits where i think uh three symbols were repeated twice and one was repeated three times and that creates rules for what names can fit in there Well, we had to have some assumptions in order to even consider tackling it the way that I had envisioned, we had to assume that the key to the Z13 would be monoalphabetical, meaning one letter to one character, not a homophonic. When you add in a homophonic, then the Z13 would be impossible to crack because you could have multiple alphabetical letters representing one symbol. So that cut down considerably the potential candidates as I referred to them. Secondly, I had to identify an established methodology. We couldn't use anagramming. And I learned that from 2007 with the Lawrence Klein-Kane solution that I developed from the Z18. So taking that into consideration and realizing that we couldn't get down that road again, I had to approach it with every possible solution based on the number of characters and letter frequency possibilities. So I had to go and get every possible name that was out there, and the best route to do that was the SSA, Social Security Administration. I get every male first and middle name, and then every documented surname, and upload those and start pairing them together, whether it be first name only, that's 13 characters, first name, middle name combination, first name, middle initial, last name, first initial, middle name, last name, I had to have every possibility in order to be sure that I covered because I couldn't leave any open doors. Because I knew that when we shared this with the public, they become a pitchforks and torches. And I wanted to make sure that I at least had every possible variable covered. Baber used an AI program to wade through the massive database and whittle it down. Once I had the grouping of the names, meaning the possible quote-unquote candidates, at that point I had to eliminate them. And that's where AI came in. AI allowed me to crawl the web. The program eliminated candidates based on parameters of race, gender, age, geography, and many other factors. When the database was reduced to double digits, a more intense forensic examination of each candidate occurred. The last man standing was Marvin Merrill. The digital pitchforks and tortures Baber mentioned did indeed come, and continue to come. But Baber remained undaunted. He says the mistakes of the past have made him a better and smarter investigator. Smart enough to bring in professional homicide investigators like Jackson and Roberts to back-check his work. And honest enough to turn his work over without hesitation to the team of NSA codebreakers led by Ed Giorgio, the only man in NSA history to serve as the agency's chief codebreaker and codemaker. Giorgio put together a team with more than 100 years' experience in codebreaking for the government agency. They back-checked Baber's work and came up with the same result. They also attacked the cipher from the standpoint of the author, the Zodiac, and discovered keywords that further confirmed the work. Yeah, there's vanishingly small odds that Marvin Merrill is not the guy. Giorgio told me that Baber belongs on the Mount Rushmore of Zodiac codebreakers. He added that his team's conclusions withstand the popular internet claim that a cipher as short as 13 digits is unbreakable. So a short cipher, about which nothing is known, often cannot be broken. But the fact that such a cipher sometimes cannot be broken is not the same as saying it can never be broken, especially when real-world constraints are involved. And for some ciphers, under sufficient conditions, a solution can nearly always be found. Weber is continuing his investigation of Marvin Merrill, and with the backing of professionals like Giorgio and others who have actually done the work, he remains undaunted by the pitchforks and torches. These days, he is often reminded of his hero, Alan Turing. He's here today. He's present. Every day I get up, I log into my computer. He's here, because without him, I wouldn't be doing what I'm doing. I wouldn't be able to achieve what I've achieved with the Z13. When you have the world telling you that you can't do something, and you believe in your heart of hearts that you can, and that you refuse to take no for an answer, it does ring on whenever you look at somebody like him, who saved so many lives and did what he was able to do at the time. You know, I just, I would, I'm inspired by him. when they come out. Many thanks for listening.
