Long before Marvel turned them into superheroes, the Norse gods were something far more mysterious and far more human. They were flawed, doomed, and destined to face their own destruction at the end of the world. From Odin's relentless search for wisdom to Thor's thunderous battles and Loki's dangerous tricks, these gods shaped how the Vikings understood the world around them. Learn more about Odin, Thor, and the rest of the Norse pantheon and why these stories have endured for over a thousand years on this episode of Everything Everywhere Daily. Marketing tools that get your products out there. Integrated shipping solutions that actually save you time. From startups to scale-ups, online, in-person, and on the go. Shopify is made for entrepreneurs like you. Sign up for your $1 a month trial at Shopify.com slash setup. 500 orders a month was manageable. $5,000 is madness! Embrace intelligent order fulfillment with ShipStation, the only platform combining order management, warehouse workflows, inventory, returns, and analytics in one place. What used to take five separate tools, ShipStation does in one. Go to ShipStation.com and use code START to try ShipStation free for 60 days. In previous episodes, I discussed the religions of ancient civilizations, such as the Greeks and the Romans, whose mythologies were actually closely intertwined. In this episode, I want to go north and focus on the Norse mythology, which was quite different from that of the Greeks and Romans. Representing the northernmost branch of Germanic mythology and proto-German folklore, Norse mythology had its roots in the ancient old Norse religion. This was the religion of the Vikings that guided their lives. Most of the stories that endured from Norse mythology chronicled victories, hardships, or interactions among the various gods. There's a good chance that you're familiar with much of the mythology already simply because of its use in popular culture. In Norse mythology, there are nine realms, each representing different aspects of existence. These realms are seen as primordial, meaning that they have existed since the beginning of time. Two of the realms, Niflheim and Muspelheim, predate the gods and their meeting gave rise to all living beings. Niflheim is the realm of ice and Muspelheim is the realm of fire. These are the first two worlds. They are separated by Ganungalap, a vast abyss, and they both coexist with Yggdrasil, the world tree. Both the abyss and the world tree are ancient, existing before any of the gods. Yggdrasil, the world tree, is a sacred ash tree that supports all nine realms within its roots and branches. It connects the realms and its health is vital for the gods and every world that it binds together. When the worlds of fire and ice came together, three beings were created, Odin and his two brothers, Vili and Ve. These three beings fashioned the rest of the nine realms from Emyr, who was a frost giant and a primordial being. These brothers then created seven additional worlds, Asgard, Vanaheim, Elfheim, Jotunheim, Midgard, Nethalvalir, and Hel. Asgard is the home of the Aesir gods. The realm is central to the entire universe of North mythology. Within the world tree, it is situated just above Midgard, which is the world that we live in. Within Asgard, there is an important bridge known as the Bifrost. The bridge is made of a rainbow and allows the gods instant passage between their world and ours. Asgard is described as bursting with beauty and luxury. The gods occupy great halls, remain shielded by a massive wall, and thrive under robust leadership law and order. Vanaheim is the home of the second tribe of gods known as the Vanir. In Norse mythology, the gods are split into the aforementioned Aesir and Vanir tribes. The Aesir are associated with the heavens, power, and war, whereas the Vanir are associated with nature, prosperity, and fertility. Historically, the tribal division is said to stem from the merging of two cultures or religions. It is thought that one of the groups may have been more associated with a warrior-based culture, whereas the other one was more agriculturally based. Nordic mythology states that there was a long bitter war between the Aesir and the Vanir tribes. After a drawn-out period of fighting, both sides realized that neither could win and ended in a stalemate. Both sides of the godly war returned their hostages, and both sides have lived in relative peace ever since. Vanaheim is known for its untamed natural state. The Vanir gods here are skilled in magic and are closely connected to the natural world, making their realm less urbanized than Asgard. Elphime is the realm of the light elves and lies above Midgard and east of Asgard. The light elves flourish under the rule of the god Freyr, the veneer god of fertility hunting in the harvest. These mythical, beautiful beings serve Asgardian spirits who can be summoned for aid and protection. The elves of Elphime radiate with an intrinsic brightness that rivals the sun, bringing light and clarity wherever they venture. The world is revered as a sanctuary of pure light, healing, and serenity. In contrast to the brightness of Elphime, Nith-Alvalier and Svart Elphime are located beneath the surface of Midgard. Nith-Alvalier is home to the dwarves, while Svart Elphime houses the Dark Elves. The dwarves thrive as master metalworkers and craftsmiths, carving out their lives within underground maze of mines and forges. Within the maze, they seek raw materials to forge beautiful or useful objects. Unlike mortals, the dwarves were not created by the gods. Instead, they grew from the worms and maggots that lived inside the frost giant Emyr's body, which was shaped into the tree. The gods gave the dwarves a human form and the ability to understand. The Dark Elves are more mysterious and less well known than the other tribes. Their realm and place in the world is unknown to mortals. Jotunheim is the realm of the giants, who are the mortal enemies of the Aesir gods. This realm serves as the sanctuary and home for all surviving giants. The giants harbor resentment towards the Aesir tribe because of Emyr's death, slain by Odin and his brothers to form the world. Emyr was not the only giant that Odin killed, however. He slaughtered most of the species, leaving only two survivors. The two survivors were Bergelmyr and his wife. The couple escaped the massacre on a small boat and founded their realm, claiming it as a sanctuary for all giants. Jotunheim is a cold, barren realm with rocky terrain, little vegetation, and dense impassable forests. Frost giants hunt and fish along its harsh shores because farming is impossible. Midgard, which is the world we live in, stretches along the tree directly between Asgard and Jotunheim. This position exposes Midgard to danger due to the intense hatred between the giants and the Aesir tribe. As a result, the light elves and the gods strive to defend Midgard. Despite its proximity to Jotunheim, Midgard does have some protection. Between the two realms sits an ocean where a massive serpent named Jormungand lives. Both the threat of the serpent and the vastness of the ocean helps keep the giant threat at bay. Hel is the realm of the dead and is ruled by the goddess Hel. It's located at the bottom of the Yggdrasil world tree and is the destination for most souls after death who must travel the Helviger, the road to the underworld. The only exception to traveling the Helviger are those chosen by the Valkyries. These souls live either in Valhalla with the Aesir or in Cestrum near with the Veneer. These are the heroic souls who feast with the gods. Like many other polytheistic religions, Norse mythology boasts of dozens and dozens of gods and goddesses. Covering every deity would be impossible, but there are several that have more importance in the Pantheon. Starting with the Aesir, the most important god is Odin, the father of all gods. He is usually depicted as one eyed, bearded and older. As stated before, Odin and his two brothers created the realms by slaying the first primordial being. He was considered the most powerful god and is often associated with wisdom, healing, death and war. Odin also ruled over Valhalla, the location where heroes would feast with the gods. Odin was married to Frigg, considered the queen of the gods. She was the most important goddess in Norse mythology. She governs the sky and thanks to her marriage to Odin is intimately linked with themes of family, marriage and fertility. Frigg was known to see the future, but never revealed her visions. However, these visions made her extremely protective of her children, especially Baldur, who she foresaw would one day die. One of Odin's sons was Thor, arguably the best known of the Norse gods. He is the god of thunder and lightning and is best known for wielding his hammer Mjolnir. The hammer was supposedly powerful enough to destroy entire mountains and to kill giants. Thor was tasked with defending Asgard and was considered one of the most powerful of the Norse gods. Because of this, he was one of the most popular gods amongst the Vikings. Another important Aesir god was Loki, although often considered to be Thor's brother, he was actually Odin's blood brother. He was technically a giant who lived with the Aesir gods and not a god himself. Loki revels in trickery, shape-shifting and mischief. His complex relationship with the gods means he both aids and obstructs them at times. One of the most malicious actions in Norse mythology was the killing of the god Baldur, which was orchestrated by tricking the blind god Hodor into using a weapon made of mistletoe, which was Baldur's only weakness. Tyr is another important god on the Aesir side of the Pantheon and was either a child of Odin or a giant. He is most remembered for having his hand bitten off by the wolf Fenrir. Tyr was a patron of heroes and warriors, but was also considered the god of order, justice, war and bloodshed. The final god I'll mention on the Aesir side of the Pantheon is Hamedal, who was another son of Odin. Hamedal's job was to keep watch over the Nine Realms and the Bifrost with his amazing sight and hearing. Moving to the Vaniers side, we have the goddess Freya. She ruled over the Vaniers version of Elhalla, Cestrum Nier, which was a heavenly meadow. Freya practiced magic, which allowed her to manipulate the desires and prosperity of individuals. Freya was often associated with fate and destiny, making her one of the most powerful goddesses in all of Nordic mythology. She was also considered to be the goddess of beauty, gold, war, fertility and love. Another important god on the Vaniers side was Njord, the god of the sea and everything connected to it. His association with the water made him a revered god for the Vikings. Njord lived with his two children, the previously mentioned goddess Freya and his son Freyr. Freyr was often connected to fertility, growth, peace and harvest. He was very popular in Norse mythology because good harvest were often linked to him. One of the best known and most important myths in Nordic mythology is the story of Ragnarok, the doom of the gods. Ragnarok is a full-blown prophesied apocalyptic event in which a final battle will occur between the gods and the giants and the monsters. It starts during a great winter which is fated to last the length of three normal winters. Mankind will begin to starve, grow desperate and begin to kill each other to survive in a period of anarchy. At the same time, the wolves Skol and Hati, who in Nordic mythology have been constantly pursuing the sun and moon, will finally catch and devour them. At the same time, the stars will disappear, leaving the heavens in darkness. With this, the world tree will start shaking, causing all trees and mountains to collapse, releasing a giant wolf named Fenrir from his chains and setting him free. He will devour everything in his path. The serpent Jormungand will also rise, causing giant floods around the earth and spewing venom throughout the world poisoning the land, water and air. The shaking will also cause the ship Nalgafar to come loose and sail over the flooded earth. The ship is said to be made of the toe and fingernails of the deceased and will carry the army of giants. The army is prophesied to be led by Loki, the aforementioned traitor of the gods, who will have broken free of his chains. The sky will then break open, allowing the fire giants to march across the bifrost into Asgard. As they get closer, the bridge will break behind them. Hamedal will announce the arrival and the gods will make the decision to engage in battle, despite knowing that they are predestined to lose. After the battle, the remains of the world will sink into the abyss and all of creation will be completely undone. In the end, what makes the Norse gods so interesting isn't their power, but their inevitability. Unlike many other mythologies where gods are eternal and unchanging, the Norse deities know their fate and move towards it anyhow. They struggled, schemed, fought and even laughed in the face of a future that they couldn't escape. Because in many ways, the Norse gods weren't just divine beings, they were reflections of the humans who told their story. The executive producer of Everything Everywhere Daily is Charles Daniel. The associate producers are Austin Othkin and Cameron Kiefer. Research and writing for this episode was provided by Olivia Ash. My big thanks go to everyone who supports the show on Patreon. Your support helps make this podcast possible. And I also want to remind everyone about the Community Groups on Facebook and Discord. This is where everything happens that's outside of the show. As always, if you leave a review on any major podcast app or in the above Community Groups, you too can have it read on the show.
