Cosmic Queries – Expanding Bubble Universes

Chuck, this was a grab bag and everybody keeps asking about black hole. It is. They got black hole on the brain. And none of them have pronounceable names. What Chuck mangled names the way black holes mangle matter? Very nice. On Star Talk. Welcome to Star Talk. You're a place in the universe where science and pop culture collide. Star Talk begins right now. This is Star Talk. Cosmic Query's edition, Neil deGrasse Tyson, your personal astrophysicist. Chuck, nice baby. How you eat? What's happening? All right. To grab back his he's taking hand in the bag. You don't know what you're going to get. He's going to come down and to brand them. Right. Exactly. So, and you know, if it's a turd, it's your fault, people. Turd. If we pull out a turd, it's your fault. These are, this is all you. All right. This is Joshua from Portland, Oregon. He says, hey, Dr. Tyson, Lorde and I, I'm Joshua from Portland, Oregon. I love the movie Sunshine. But the main plot of reen�son trying to see these are, he says, the main plot of reviving our son by sending all of Earth's nuclear material to the sun, seeing more than far afreshed and even quite a bit cheesy. Putting all the cheesy aspects of the movie aside, the movie did address what it would be like getting near our son. My question is, if you even have, if you've seen the movie, did the movie Sunshine get anything right when approaching close to the sun? Scientifically speaking, of course. And if not in your opinion, what would be the funnest or weirdest thing to know about being extremely close to our son? So, a couple things. So first, I haven't seen the movie. But based on what has just been told, I have comments. Okay. Our newks are, well, we have Fission Nukes, which we call A-bombs. The sun has never been in the business of nuclear fission. It's fission. It takes light elements into heavy elements. We do that, but we still don't know how to control it. Right. So we have uncontrolled nuclear fusion. Otherwise known as A. Hydrogen bomb. Bomb, right. There you go. Bomb. Bomb. We're good at making uncontrolled nuclear fusion. Right. The day we harness that and we get fusion reactors, there would be very inexpensive. It will be the beginning of a new era. A new era, yes it would. Because all of our energy problems will be solved. Basically, that's correct. Yes. That's correct. So, now you want to send our measly nukes into the sun and believe that's going to make a difference? Yeah. Okay, just for context, have you ever seen spots on the sun? I mean, in the pictures, yes, you know what we call those? Sunspots. Sunspots. I ask easy questions. All right. A sunspot is typically slightly larger than earth. Okay. Well, so the sun has blemishes bigger than our planet. I plan it. Yeah, that's crazy. And you want to think that you can do so we have anything to do with the sun. Right. Yeah. Why not throw spitballs at it? Just as effective. Just as effective. Get a straw. And yeah, just as effective. If I could do a chuck voice, it would be, you'd fire the nukes into the sun and say, this is delicious. Exactly. Yeah. Wow. Plus, isn't that different? I mean, you can't start fusing from an explosion, right? No, the explosion is the fusion. That's what I'm saying. But you want to, can you trigger it? Yeah, I'm saying. I do. No, you can't trigger it because the outer layers of the sun are not hot enough to sustain it. Right. Okay. But at the center of your bomb, it was just like at the center of the sun. Exactly. Yeah. Because the fusion is happening at the center of the sun. Not in the outer edge of the sun. And not in the outer edge of the sun. So here's how you prolong the life of the sun. And I got to see the movie to see why they were doing it. If the sun was running out of fuel or whatever, it was an easy way to do this. Let me guess. Now, and I'm, this is me guessing. So shut up. All right. I'm going to say since the sun takes hydrogen and fuses it so that it ends up with like this four proton that creates helium for nucleons. Two protons, two neutrons. Two protons. So the four nucleons that creates helium, what you want to do is either send the sun more helium or send it more hydrogen. Why send it more helium? Well, because the next step after the helium is that's where it keeps going from there. The sun won't. There's something. Only the high mass stars are going to take it. Oh, get out. Yeah, some pretty much stops. So the sun stops. Yeah. Oh, so I need to send the hydrogen in. No, yes. I should just send more hydrogen. Yes. Okay. Now, where's it hot enough to fuse hydrogen into helium? In the center of the sun. In the center. Okay. So I got to get to the center of the sun. So if you run out of hydrogen. Right. In the center of the sun, where is there more hydrogen? Hmm. If I run out of hydrogen in the center of the sun. Yes. Maybe I can pull it in from just outside the center of the sun. Thank you. Right. From everywhere else. Everywhere the sun. Just pull it back in. Okay. So there's what's called convection. Right. Okay. If you can drive a convection deep inside the sun, bring fresh hydrogen down into the core, pull out the helium, then you'll just start the fusion. You can jump start the fusion. And the sun, when it dies, it only used, I forgot the number of few percent of its total hydrogen available. Oh. The sun could live for trillions of years if you can't be found away. You can't be found away. You don't have to find hydrogen from somewhere else. No, just sitting there in the sun itself. Wow. Just get away to get it like a conveyor belt. Right. Send it down into the core. And now you have to do is do that without burning up before you get there. Okay. How do you get close to the sun? Well, first you get a call. You're like, hey, how you doing? You need a shield. Right. Okay. Because what temperature is it in space? Because right now you have a thermometer. It's reading the temperature of what? Whatever the room temperature is. You mean here on earth? Specifically. If I have a thermometer here and it says 72 degrees, it's 72 degrees at that thermometer. What is 72 degrees? The temperature of the atmosphere. I don't know. The air. Yeah. The atmosphere. Okay. You said it's the temperature of the room. Right. No. It is the temperature of the air around the thermometer. Right. In that spot. Right. It's the air. Okay. Right there. Because it may not be 72 degrees over there. If I come over here and I'm near that lamp, it's going to be a little warmer. Because that's an old-fashioned bulb. Yeah, exactly. Okay. It's going to be a little warmer because that's heating the air over there. Right. Okay. Over there. Right. If you're in space, there is no air. Right. So what the hell temperature are you measuring? You're going to measure the temperature of the nothingness of space. Correct. And space is not entirely nothing. Right. There is radiative energy moving through space. Correct. Right. Photons. Right. So it's got a little bit of a temperature. And so it'll get a temperature if the thermometer is facing the sun. Right. Because that's a radiative heat coming from the sun. Correct. Right. It's not the air. It's just photons hitting. Now the other side of the thermometer, if you had two thermometers that split, so what is facing that way? What is facing this way? That's facing deep space. And that's just like, it's cold. Why is it so cold? Man, I'm burning up over here. Depending on your distance from the sun, that'll be the intensity of the rays. It'll be hundreds of degrees on the other side. And as you get closer to the sun, the radiative flux is the one in the other official term. It gets higher and higher and higher. That temperature will continue to go up. Right. As long as you're shielded and you're looking out on the other side, that temperature's going to stay the temperature of deep space, which is like the microwave background hitting it, which is there at all times, where some nearby stars, if they happen to be there. So, so temperatures is a funny thing. Did we do an explaining around temperature? We did. We did. We did a explain on temperature. Yeah, okay. And you put on your lipstick. Yeah. Maybe it's suppolip. You have to start talking with crack. You can't crack the lips. I don't want the people talking about me. Right now, if I had Ashley Liff, there's some black people out there like, what is wrong with this lips? And I believe this brother on TV with Ashley Liff's. This brother did. Hey, no. He's not a do-raised. You're serious. That's his line. Who raised you? One of the lower comedians. So, if you want to get close to the sun, in your shield. Well, but the shield will be too cold for you. The other side will be too hot. So what you really want to do is make a rotisserie. Oh, I'm cooking evenly. You're right now. If you want to. Somebody base me. Face me, please. Hit the butter. So you get pretty close if you're on a rotisserie. No, rotisserie. But there's a point where you'll just burn. Right. And there's a point where that shield, wait a minute, this photon's hitting that shield. Right. Maybe it's very reflective, so it's not absorbing any. But it's not perfectly reflective. Some are going to get absorbed. And that shield temperature is going to begin to rise. And eventually it will radiate infrared back to the other side of the thermometer. And burn you alive. So, yeah, the sun. And then you reach a point where it is so hot, everything vaporizes. Right. Do you know it has the highest melting point? Iron. No. I thought it. What is it? No, no, no. I don't know, guess. Carbon. What? Ain't that something? Wait a minute. But in the... Do you have to try to melt the diamond? Oh, well, they... Yeah, put that on your stove and see what happens. Exactly. Carbon. Wow. Because the highest melting point. Look at that. It's like 5,000 degree. I mean, it's... It's insanely hot. It's insanely hot. And that... So generally, if you're going to go near the sun, you want carbon... Go near the diamond ship. And it has to be piloted by a hip hop style. Or Elizabeth Taylor. Or what's the name of the ice diamond? Or Carol Channing. Yes. Ice. There you go. Yeah. So I have to go see the movie now. Thanks for that prompting. And maybe I can add more to that commentary. But otherwise, yeah, it'll vaporize you. Oh, there you go. No matter what. Mm-hmm. All right. Very cool. I'm sunshine in the moon. I haven't heard of it. So Bill rode... Rod Walt. Rod Walt. From Oregon, Ohio. Oregon, Ohio? Mm-hmm. Okay. He says, if we were to find a habitable planet within a few dozen light years of Earth, and we had the technology to send a generational ship to this planet, how likely do you think it would be that the first mission launch would be the first to arrive? It seems to me that improvements in propulsion technology might be such that technological advances may lead to later missions overtaking their earlier ones. At what stellar distances do you think this would become a practical consideration as to when to launch a mission? I love that because, you know, what he's saying is that you'd launch a mission today with your modern technology, and in 50 years, that's some old technology. Right. And then the next ship just passes you the old ship. Waves to you. Yeah. It's a... You started out in the covered wagon, and then all of a sudden a Tesla is going by you. What the hell? And so that's a brilliant question. And I think if we're going to be past it, be because we have warp drives. If you have warp drives, you can take a warp drive to the location of the ship and bring everybody aboard and put them on the warp drive too. Right. I think in practice, that's how we would do it. You wouldn't leave them like, see them. They're like... You're not your doc, you pick the people up. Yeah, you're a doc, you pick them up, and you put them on the warp drive. And it would have nothing to do with the propulsion. I don't see that as real. Right. Even if we found a way to... And we reached like 20% the speed of light, let's say, the nearest start to the sun is the Alpha Centurion System for light. 20 years away. So how long would that take? 20% so that's five years for a year, 20 years. 20 years? Very good math. Yeah. Good math. Love it. Every once in a while. Even a broken clock is right twice a day. What'd you call... You have a comedy special. You go just smart enough. That's like comedy special. Just smart enough. Just smart enough. You just got that one. So would you go on a trip for 20 years to a planet that might host you? I mean, so here's what I'd rather do. Remember was the problem with Earth that you're trying to escape? Yeah, fix it. Just fix it. How about that? I'm just saying fix it. Right. And by the way, if that other planet is habitable, it means the atmosphere has oxygen in it. Right. What do you think made the oxygen? Right. Life. Of course. Right. But you get to... You don't know where the heat is. You don't know it. Oh, yeah. The heat is going to heat you. Is it all life with its old Venus flight tracks? Right. You know? Yeah. The part is really the issue. It's like it's like hiring a plumber. And he's like, well, I found you a problem. You won't need a new house. It's like, what? It's like, what? It's kind of plumber you. I know. Yeah. So. What a great question though. Yeah. Excellent. So it's a great question, but I don't see that as how that's going to play out. That's the idea. Right. There's a moral question on a generational ship. A life of isolation on a mission that they did not choose. Correct. But let's be honest, every kitchen. I didn't ask for you. I didn't ask for me. I didn't ask for people. Right. Just your ass, lovely. Get over there to your station and do what you're supposed to do. Okay? Because we got to get to this planet. I'm Nicholas Castella and I'm a proud supporter of Star Talk on Patreon. This is Star Talk with Neil deGrasse Tyson. All right. Here we go. This is Salvatore Mamana. Okay. From Brooklyn. Mm-hmm. Salvatore, what? Mamana. Spout. M-A-M-M-A-N-A. Mamana. Mamana. Mamana. Yeah. Salvatore and Mamana. Salvatore. Mamana. Yes. All right. He says, your Star Talk. From Brooklyn. From Brooklyn. Yo, Brooklyn born and raised. Brooklyn in the house, though. I hope you are well. Do you picture in your head when you think of the big bang? I've heard it's not quite like the image of a tiny dot exploding in all directions. If you had to make a diorama for a seven-year-old, what would the big bang look like? And what would yours be? You know, I'm stuck on the explosion model. Right. And, but if you do that, it's exploding within three-dimensional space. But this is a sort of a four-dimensional with time as one of the dimensions. So I picture an inflated balloon. That's because that's works for me. Right. You got to get rid of one of the dimensions. So our three spatial dimensions are flattened into the surface of a balloon. Right. And the time dimension is still there. And from the start of the balloon, where it's small to any surface point. On the balloon. And every larger surface point is later in time. And later in time. Right. Yeah. That's how I do it. Yeah. So if you want to do it with your seven-year-old son, you get a nice big ole one of these, you get the really big one. You have to go to party store to get like the biggest balloon. Like giant balloons. Giant balloon. And on the balloon, just draw galaxies on it. Right. And then inflate it, draw a galaxy. And then deflate it. And as you inflate it back, you'll see the galaxies expand apart. And then it's spread apart. And then it's spread apart. That's cool. Yeah. Yeah. That's the best way to do it. I think so. Yeah. I like it. All right. Well, thanks, Alvato. That's a great, uh, do it with your kid, man. And, uh, and tell him to give us credit for that A. Because we know what you're doing. All right. This is, um, Sotori, do it from Belgium. And Sotori says, hello, Dr. Tyson and Lord Knight. My name is Sotori, do it from Belgium. The name is Greek, but not me. Uh, as you mentioned before, space gets compressed near mass. And time at faster speed slows down. This, I can imagine. But if space and time are connected, does that mean I would get smaller as I go faster? If so, I would be infinitely small at the speed of light. Would I then become light? Is maybe all light matter, but infinitely small and fast? My boys got some angst. I'm telling you right now. So first of all, Sotori, it's going to be okay. That's number one. That's number one. That there was some panic. It was there. Yeah. It's going to be all right. It's going to be fine. The world will be fine. It's going to be all right. So time slows down for you as others would observe it. But you don't shrink. Your dimensions will be measured to shrink front to back. So you'll get sort of thinner front to back as people measure your speed increasing. All right. They'll also measure your mass increase. They'll measure your time slow down. We have three equations that tracks all three of those. Okay. All that happens in a black hole, you're going to shrink only because it's compressing you down to a smaller point in space. So you deal with it. I mean, that's not a way around that. And you're going to be stretched head to toe from tidal forces, but you're going to be squished shoulder to shoulder by the ever shrinking fabric of space and time until you descend into that abyss as a stream of atoms. Have a nice day. Yeah, you know. You can't set up that time. So yeah. And Einstein concluded matter can never go at the speed of light. Right. Because you have zero volume and infinite mass and time would stop. So if you're going to travel speed of light, you have to have zero mass like a photon. Like a photon. Yeah. There you go. And they have zero mass that travel the speed of light and they have zero time, which we talked about. Right. Well, photon only knows time the moment it is manifested by something that it hits. Right. So the photon is created in an atom, right? It is absorbed wherever it was headed instantly. Instantly. To it. To it. To it. Yes. Exactly. To go its path. That's funny. And what I love is every time on the beach, I always pull my my swim trunks down just a little bit so that whatever photons land on my ass, I'm like, sorry, you were born in the sun and you landed on my ass. One insted. You did. That is so mean of you. Now, I had similar thoughts, but not so crude. So my thesis data, my PhD thesis data, my thesis is right there. Okay. We said the black one. The black one right there. Oh, God. Jesus. Yeah. Look at that. So a study of the abundance distributions along the minor axis of the galactic bulge. Okay. So this, it's single-sided. So no, don't think it. So no, don't think it. That's it. Yeah. Point is the galactic bulge is best viewed from Chile. Oh. Okay. But anywhere in the southern hemisphere, and I went to Chile many times to get data for this thesis. Here's a thing. The telescope is at the top of her mountain, which has a tiny coastal town called Lossarena at the base of the mountain. Lossarena has beaches, and their people would be laying out on the beach with bikinis on and things like that. And I would go to the mountain with detectors to see photons that left the center of the galaxy 30,000 years ago, some mis-earth and continue into space. Others hit earth maybe the countryside. Some of them hit the barks of people on the beach, like your barks that you expose. That's right. But some of them land on my detector, empowering me to deduce the nature of the galactic center. So to me, those are noble photons. Oh, you gave your photons purpose. My photons gave their life for my black eyes. Okay. All right, here we go. All right. This is boat now. Actually, just to be precise, if we're like high energy photons, they were absorbed by your melanin. Oh, wow. Yeah. Well, they were lucky, though. It would just grab it right out. Yes. Snatch it right out. Because that's what melanin is for. That's what it's for. All right. This is boat now. Marton Janos, who says from Budapest, you know, you're going to have a lot of fun with the boat. You can't possibly pronounce any of that correctly. No, boat now. Marton Janos. Because he's trying to add a little. I'm not trying to add anything today. Okay. All right. He says, I'm trying to solve a dilemma. I've been thinking about these past couple of days. Suppose I'm traveling in my super advanced spaceship towards a super massive black hole at the speed of light with the goal of doing gravitational sling shot maneuver at the black hole. I'm planning to do this, speeding by my speeding my spaceship close to the event horizon of the black hole. Questions. Is this even possible? If yes, how would I experience the event to using strong gravitational pull of the black hole and the sling shot maneuver? Could my supersonic spaceship speed beyond light speed? I'm a 13 year old student aspiring to be an astro or theoretical physicist. Cool. Good for you. In Budapest. Yes. So, didn't we do an explainer? We did. On sling shots. On sling shots. Yes. And it's really cool. But it's not what you think it is. No. No, no. So, you know why? Because everybody thinks of sling shot as this. The two prongs that you pull, you put a projectile, you pull it back and then you release it. And then the projectile just goes, taking all the energy of the recoil from the pullback, propelling it forward. But the way you explain sling shots, gravitational sling shots, it's not really a sling shot. It's not really a sling shot. So here's a problem. If you fall towards the black hole, but not in it, you can't get out of the way. The acceleration of the spacecraft falling into the black hole is exactly canceled by you trying to climb out the other side. Right. So, when you're done with this exercise, you're not traveling any faster or slower than you were going for. The sling shot works because you come in from behind an orbiting planet. And you go, the planet pulls you in and the act of pulling you in has you catch up with it, right? It's orbit. So there's an extra speed that's outside of the symmetrical fallen climb out of the gravity. Which is the planet itself dragging you along the its orbit. Correct. Right. And you just ate some of the orbital energy of the planet by you stole it. You stole it. You stole it. You stole it by tagging up. You're a stowage. You're a stowage. You're a gravitational stowage. You're a gravitational stowage. How can it happen? Right. So, A, B, if it's a supermassive black hole, you can easily fall into it and not be ripped apart. Right. Because the event horizon is so big that the tidal forces are not strong. Right. So, you get in and now you're just falling inside of the black hole. You're falling within the event horizon of the black hole. Right. And the closer you get to the center, that's when that's where my tidal forces start messing you all up. But in the beginning, you're just like, oh, well, they're staying better now. Not bad at all. And it's because you're height, if he's in 13, maybe he's 5 feet tall. You're 5 feet relative to the radius of the black hole is small. Right. Whereas as you get closer to the center, you're 5 feet. It could be only another 5 feet to the center of the black hole. So the tidal forces will become greatly magnified under those situations. God, it's yeah. Wow. So, but it's great to see a 13-year-old thinking like this. Yeah. Oh, yeah. Cool. Well, good luck to you, man. And, you know, invite us to your graduation. I mean, we're not coming, but then invite us to say you're a Budapest. Anybody who's paying that kind of money will wish you well. Well, we'd like to know when you graduate. Oh, right. But wait, let me back up. So, if I'm near the speed of light and I do an actual sling shot maneuver, right? Okay. Right. Around a planet, could I be sling shot to go faster in the light? The answer is no. No. Because you're not going the speed of light because you're made of material substance, which can't go the speed of light. And you're not, it's not like the sling shot gives you all the energy and then you just keep it and keep going. You got to climb out of the fall that you would the descent that you made yesterday. That's exactly symmetric with it. So what would happen is what happened was, let's say going 95% the speed of light. And the word to get a sling shot, what effect would it have? It would add energy to your trajectory. And there's a point where adding energy is not simply increasing your speed. There are other ways to boost the energy of the system. He will end up going faster, but he won't catapult pass the speed of light right the way to think about it. There you go. Okay. All right. Here we go. This is writer's eye from Ohio. Writer as in W. Writer's eye. D.Y. So does the fact of us living in an expanding universe contradict the premise of living in the black hole? Since we know that black holes evaporate and there is a limit upon which all matter can be compacted, we wouldn't notice any intake of energy or matter from the waves it would cause. So not since the big bang has any more matter energy been introduced. Can we assume the universe in a black hole would not be expanding? Hoping to get an answer lost in literacy in Ohio. That's very funny. Yeah. So I don't have a good answer for that. If we were in a black hole and the black holes are eating things in its vicinity, you would see material coming in which is as he suggested. But not all black holes are actively eating. True. Quasars are galactic center phenomena where a black hole is dining on stars and gases that have wandered too close and it's emitting energy in the process. There's a distance within which quasars no longer are there. They shut off. We think they just completely ate everything in their environment. And so a black hole, it's not a requirement. It's not a prerequisite that a black hole is always eating things that you would then see things coming in through your event horizon. So don't use that as a reason for not embracing the possibility that we are in a black hole. Guys, so yeah, and a evaporation, supermassive black holes forget black holes the size of our universe, supermassive black holes take 10 to the hundred years to evaporate. Yeah. So it's just don't hold your breath. So many times, glad time. Not to worry about. Right. So very cool. All right, but nice, nice thought experiment. Here we go. This is Robby Yaga, Robert Dudock from Flint, Michigan. He said, I read a paper validating the subliminal subliminal subliminal warp drive as a more realistic possibility than the Alcubere FTL drive. I feel so for faster than like faster than like. Constant velocity, physical warp drive solution. The one thing that was not even hinted at on the paper was how one might accelerate the warp bubble. I would appreciate any thoughts on acceleration and how fast the subliminal drive might eventually go hypothetically and thank you. Yeah, I got to do some homework on that. The a couple of things. A warp drive, there's no prerequisite that it goes faster than light. You just warp space and you go. But if you can go faster than light, then why not? Right. What do you do? And if you were to go faster than light, this would be the only way you could do it because you would have to compress the space because you can't go faster through the space. Through the space. Then light. You're stepping through basically the compressed space on the Alcubere drive. He's a Mexican physicist who came up with this. And so I don't know. I don't know what the problem is because the Alcubere drive is a way to go faster than light. But there's nothing in principle preventing you from just dialing it down. That just goes slower. Right. Exactly. I mean, your car probably goes 130 miles an hour. Mm-hmm. Guys, take it easy. You know, this part of the galaxy is a speed trap. I like cameras. So I don't see that as a sticking point at all. Yeah. Yeah, you just dial down. You just dial down. And by the way, even in Star Trek, they have work one through nine. Your work factor one is the speed of light. That is the speed of light. Right. But I'd under here them say, it's impulse power or something. Impulse power is less than light. Less than light. Correct. So. All right. Well, there you go. I'm going to call this a impulse, baby. All right. This is Tyrone Morgan from Hackenset, New Jersey. Twice the, he says, hello, Dr. Tyson Lorde, nice Tyrone Morgan from Hackenset, New Jersey. Love your show and hear my inquiries. What if the graviton was not quantum? What if the space time that we live in is the gravitational field and black holes are the graviton in a higher dimension? Black holes having infinite mass at the singularity might be similar to photons having no mass in the electromagnetic field. Holy moly, bro. Man, people. People. Wow. Look at the photon look like to someone whose space time was the electromagnetic field. I think it's very difficult to see the full picture when you're inside of it. Thank you for everyone for the signs that you do. Curiosity, the passion and your discovery. I don't know if I can help this man. This is a wild question. He's got a bad man. Yeah, man. The graviton. Okay. So. So I would take some field and just so you know higher dimensions. Just watch. I'm not a wild. So there's electromagnetic force. Right. That is propagated by the photon. Right. Okay. They go hand in hand. And a photon comes in waves as well. Of course. We have gravitation. Einstein said it's the curvature of space and time. But if it's going to be a force and we're going to describe it in a quantum way, there ought to be a particle that propagates the gravitational field. Right. And we already have the wave that propagates it. We've seen that. That's called the, well, it's a sligo discovery. Right. Let's go discover it. Okay. So we got that. So what about the particle counterpart to the wave? We call that a graviton. Just like the photon is a particle counterpart to just the waves, light waves. Light waves. Light waves. Okay. So we have a graviton is the particle counterpart to gravitational waves. And but we don't know how to detect that. Right. Does make sense? It does. Well, if you can, if you can turn all of gravitational physics into a quantum solution, right, then yeah, that makes sense. But if not, it could just confuse things. Yeah. I mean, I'm already confused. So it's a behindest. Yeah. So I think it's kind of fanciful to think of black holes as the gravitons of, yeah, that doesn't feel right to me. Because black hole, we already have that described. It's not some mysterious thing that you're finding some other mysterious thing to say that it is. Yeah. Right. And we want to avoid that anyway. You want to take this thing that we barely know, right? To use it to explain this is something that we don't know at all. I would only. Take this thing that we really don't understand and barely know. Because we're having new consciousness people are saying, let's take the weirdness of quantum physics that nobody understands and you explain quantum consciousness was nobody understand. Exactly. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. All right. Well, listen, that's, I like the way you think, though, man. You, you, you definitely spoke to some good we, please send me something. This is Matt D from Oklahoma who says, good day, Dr. Tyson and a big high five to Lord and I. My name is Matt Dodd from Oklahoma. And I'm wondering about our bubble universe in the multiverse. If our universe is constantly expanding, does that mean our bubble in the multiverse is growing over time? Who's to say another multiverse bubble would not merge with our own? What would it mean for our universe? And thanks for the insight. Yeah. I worry about that. Yeah. The quantum physics in the multiverse model is pumping out universe is left and right. Each universe has slightly different laws of physics. Right. You don't want to just, hey, let's go visit the, you know, the Johnson's over in the other universe. Right. If the charge on their electron is different from yours. Right. Because now I just exploded. I turned the goo. You get, but you collect it to a pile of glue. That's it. So. I don't want to let you become. Would you bring something to test it with? Right. Like a gerbil or something. Now somebody, I don't know, that would be mean. Maybe no gerbil. No gerbils are fine. Yeah. They ain't worth it. No, I'm not losing any sleep over a gerbil. Okay. Anyway, put that stuff in a habit trail, send them right through. Right. Right. But. So that universe can be made of anti-matter, for example, right? That would be terrible. You toss a coin and the thing blows up, right? That would be so cool. And then of course, you meet yourself, but your other self, you know, you look has half of it is black and then it has its twice. It's like episode. From Star Trek. The anti-matter guy. That was very cool. They'll have a goatee. Yes, exactly. That's the evil man. Somebody, I don't know where I saw this or heard, because I don't think I read it, saying that is there a possibility that dark energy or dark matter is another bubble universe colliding with hours. And that's why it doesn't interact. It's just passing through. Yeah, I'm a fan of that kind of thinking. Oh, good. Yeah. Yeah, that's because that's even though it involves a higher dimension, it's kind of simpler than other explanations. It makes sense too. Yeah. Yeah. It's passing through us, but it doesn't interact because it's like a sphere passing through two dimensions, right? Two dimensions, right? It's a dot, then a circle that gets bigger and bigger, then it gets smaller and smaller again, then disappears from your universe. So yeah, I'm partial to those explanations, even while knowing they're probably not correct. Right. Fun to think about. All right. This is Sweet Heat 223 from Dallas, Texas. Sweetwa. Sweet Heat 223. We need a Sterling from Dallas, Texas. Sterling, all right. He says hi, Dr. Tyson and Chuck. Sterling was not a cool enough badass name. Yeah, he had to go with Sweet Heat. Sweet Heat. Or Sweet Heat. Sweet Heat. All right. Sterling, that's a boring name. Sterling's a boring name. Yeah. Okay. So Sterling from Dallas, Texas is that if we could travel via warp drive, is it possible that speed to bypass the spaghettification process when entering a black hole to reach its singularity? So could you warp into a black hole and then bypass the singularity because you're going so much faster than the speed of light itself? So you've warped through the black hole. So technically, you don't meet an escape velocity to get out of the black hole because you're warping through it. So while these two black holes, no, you in the black hole. Yeah, I'm not feeling it. Yeah, not feeling it's an intriguing idea. It is. And like, can you bypass the rules? The rules, yeah. The spaghettification. Right, right. Right. None of the super gravity black holes that you can fall in and not. Go to the center. Right. They're like rotating black holes and there are other configurations you can imagine. But yeah, I'm not feeling it. Okay. All right. Yeah. Chuck got a few more minutes. Yeah, it's okay. Let's see what we can do. Okay. This is Patrick Leverdiere who says, in video games, when you walk into a complex area, the frame rate drops because the system is rendering more data. If our universe were a simulation, could gravity be doing something similar, slowing down sometime because the cosmic engine is processing more information? I like that. Wow. I like that. He's saying the more complex areas of our universe require more calculates computing power. And as a result, everything slows down. This is the argument by the four organs that were in a simulation. Because the simulator doesn't have to simulate the whole universe. Only the universe that you are seeing at the time. Correct. For example, if we are in a simulation, are they simulating every molecule within the earth if no one is looking inside the earth? But now you start digging. So it's in their interest to simulate ahead of you without having to waste computing power on the whole earth. And so that's just an intriguing scenario. Yeah. I mean, it makes sense if you are in a simulation. Why would you waste all the computing power necessary to create the stuff that's never even being seen? That's correct. Right. All right. So this is a Mer-Wah-E-Ger-er-Wah-E. Mer-Wah-E. I don't know. Gera-Ziger. Gera-Ziger, who says, hello, everyone. I was wondering if black holes accelerate things beyond the speed of light. Once inside them, does that mean those things are going backwards in time? So the gravitational pull is so strong once you are past that event horizon. Could you then go faster than the speed of light since light can't escape? Yeah. What happens is you start gaining mass. Right. Rather than gaining speed. Right. That's how that happens. That's how that happens. Right. Right. Right. And so, no, you'll just keep getting faster and faster. No. And as you gain more mass, it's harder to accelerate you. So yeah. Oh, wow. That's another thing. But what a great question, man. I like that. I like that. All right. Femke Say-Navi. Say-Nai-Ev from Belgium. He says, I was wondering, would it be possible to say if we reach a black hole with conventional space travel, even if it took thousands of years to send a quantum AI computer or quantum robot? It's a bit like they did an interstellar. Ultimately sacrificing itself to send us the data and solve the quantum gravity theory could quantum computers handle this information and send it to a spaceship in the vicinity or with the information forever be stuck in the black hole? They can answer you on question. Yeah. Pretty sure you answered you on question, buddy. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I'm going with the, it's still coming out. They ain't coming out. Yeah. Yeah. I love it. There's the Hawking radiation, but it pulls it out. There's a strip tease, right? One molecule, one atom here, one particle there. Right. And then you have to reassemble it later. You have to find out. You have to put that information back together. Exactly. Exactly. Exactly. Yeah. Yeah. Oh, well. I'll tell you one last question. All right. This is Martin from Denmark. Martin from Denmark, who says, hello, Dr. Tyson, Lorde and I, Martin from Denmark here. I think there's something undiscovered around the perception of time and the speed of light. If we humans were to travel at the speed of light, we say no matter the distance, it will feel like an instant when arriving at the destination. But since we also discovered that we can accelerate particles faster than the speed of light, when did we discover that? What the hell, Martin? Martin, did you get a Nobel Prize or nobody heard about it? Because damn, bro, what you talking about? And he says, how will we perceive that like yesterday or thanks for a great show? Okay. So no, we have not accelerated particle fashion, the speed of light in a vacuum. Right. But the speed of light is slower in mediums. In media. Right. Media. Right. Plural or medium? Mediums. Media. It's slower in water. Glass. Glass. Air. And especially diamond. Right. Cut. Corrific. You want to cut it, it's just a way. It refracts. So it looks like the diamond has a certain radiance. Right. Yeah. And it's refraction. Yeah. Exactly. And dispersion on the way out. Right. So cost a lot of money for a little bit of light praise. I stopped buying diamonds years ago. And why are you forcing upon others your own marriage experience? Mm-hmm. Just warning. For those considering time and time. If you're considering just warning and telling you. Keep a circle of your man. Don't make the mistake. Don't make the mistake. The diamonds are expensive, buddy. Let me tell you something. They throw them all like it was no big deal. They don't put them all in every time. Like, oh my god, look at this. This man went out and spent all this money. They just throw them all like it's nothing to it. Okay. Get them circums. Save yourself some money. Take them from a bread. I forgot what the question was. Okay. All right. So is he. I'm going to put them all in every time. I'm going to put them all in every time. Oh my god. Look at this. This man went out and spent all this money. They just throw them all like it's nothing to it. Okay. Get them circums. Okay. All right. So is he. So you can't make him fast in the speed of light. No. But two points. If you could, the particles would go backwards in time. Right. According to the mathematics. According to the mathematics. Right. So in Einstein's equations, you can go up to the speed of light, but you cannot attain it. But nothing stops you from existing on the other side of the speed of light and then going faster than that. All right. So if you do that, you would live backwards in time. And what's that called? Tachyon. Tachyon. That's right. Tachios from the Greek meaning fast. Like a tecometer. Right. You've heard tecometer. You've heard it say. You've heard it say on your car. Exactly. Well, my car doesn't have it anymore because I have an electric car. So there's nothing to take. You have to take. Yeah. Just saying. Okay. Okay. Yeah. Okay. So then it would be moving backwards through time and you could then send yourself a signal. Using your tecions. Using tecions before you knew to send yourself a signal. Wow. Yeah. Trippy. So yeah, it's a fun particle. Someone decided to move all the way into the other side of the equations and follow them through. And that's one of the conclusions we've never found tecions. Right. In the actual universe. Oh. Yeah. Well, well, it's kind of cool. And the tecions, then if they did exist, they would be moving. We could only intercept them at the point which they meet our reality going opposite directions and opposite directions. Correct. That's the only time we could see them. It's a perceptive point you're making. Yeah. You can't see them in the future. You can't see them in the past. You can't see them as it's going backwards through time and we're going for it's time. And boom. That's where you see the time. In that instant. That's where it's wild. Yeah. I like it. Well, that's where that Martin from Denmark. Yeah. Oh, I think we're done here. All right. That was fun. Man, we just knocking these out. We love the grass. You take that. Come in. Well, listen. We're here. As long as you keep setting them, we'll keep doing it. There it is. Another installment of start talk cosmic queries. Grab bag. Yeah. Edition. Neal de Rastis and your personal astrophysicist. Chuck, Lorde Nice in the house. Yes. And always a pledge. As always, keep looking up.