Ep. 392: Are “Micro-Streamers” the Future of Media? + Why Cal Spent $60 on a Task App

Hey, so I recently filmed a course for Masterclass. Now, this was a really interesting experience. I think the final product was great, and you can check it out at masterclass.com slash Cal Newport. But the thing I want to focus on here is the production values. Because Masterclass really makes these things look good. They have big cameras with fancy lenses. There's a director of photography. They have dedicated crew to do nothing but set up and adjust lights. I mean, you can really tell. Like I'm going to load up a scene here on the screen for people who are watching instead of just listening. I'm just going to get a sense of what this looks like when they're using the full production crew. All right. Now, this stuff, when we see it, we have to admit is a level better than most of the video that's being produced by independent creators like us here at this podcast. And here's the thing I want to argue today. That gap has been making a really big difference in the media landscape. We have become trained as consumers that when we see video content at the level of quality of something like Masterclass or Netflix, we say, OK, that's something I'll pay for. But if you move down just a little bit to the level below, like these really good video podcasts where people have nice DSLR cameras and some diffused light and it looks pretty good, people say, no, no, no, that is for free platforms like YouTube. So this difference in production value has really kept the moat around video that people will pay for. But here's what I think is interesting about our current moment. There's a small but growing movement of independent producers that are starting to create content at the same quality level as those big players. I call these micro streamers. And I think they're going to change the entire future of online media and entertainment as we know it. So this is what we're going to get into during the idea segment. I dispatched my intrepid newsletter director and podcast researcher, Nate, to actually go and subscribe and use one of the most popular and interesting of these new micro streamers. So we're going to go through his trip report about everything that he found and try to understand what's going on and what this tells us about the future of media. A lot of what he discovered actually surprised me. So I think you're going to find this interesting as well. Then in the practices segment, we're going to switch gears and turn our attention to the world of digital productivity. I just spent $60. That's right, $60 US on a task app. And I'm going to tell you what it is, and I'm going to explain to you why I spent so much money on it, because I think it highlights a more general principle about the intersection of technology and trying to organize your life. All right, so we have a lot to do. As always, I'm Cal Newport, and this is Deep Questions, the show about the fight for depth in an increasingly distracted world. We'll get started right after the music. All right, so to make this discussion more concrete, I want to take a closer look at a specific, very successful micro streamer that's popular at the current moment. It has a couple names. It used to be called Dropout TV. They now stylize it, if you see it online, as a colon followed by the word dropout. It costs $6.99 a month. You can watch it on your devices or on an app on your TV just like you would Netflix or any other streaming service. Now, here's the backstory of Dropout TV as best as I can tell. It actually came out of an early 2000s era website called collegehumor.com. Do you remember College Humor, Jesse? That was like our college years. No, I don't. Well, as someone who wrote for a college humor magazine, I knew all about college humor. I remember because they really got started like right around, I think, 1999. So right after 9-11, they actually had some pretty funny stuff. And the one I remember was like a collection of books that the premise was they'd come out right before 9-11. And now these books weren't doing so well, like unfortunately time books. I remember one of them was like how to dress like the Taliban. And it was just like some guy with a turban. And like another one was like, why airport security doesn't matter. And so the premise was like these were all books that were now doing really poorly because they were very ill-timed. So it was like a website. Then YouTube came along. This was after I stopped following that site. And it sounds like what they did is they went hard into video on YouTube. And they were doing pretty well there. Nate did some research on this. I think they were up to like a million subscribers. But they were frustrated because of two things. One, they were in the service of the algorithm. right so you know whether or not their videos were promoted or not depended on this amorphous algorithm and two it's hard to find advertisers especially when you're doing humor or edgy humor it can be hard to find advertisers that was frustrating so at some point in the 2010s they created their own streaming platform the company bounced back and forth between a couple owners and then eventually that became the full-time focus of the organization a comedy video streaming platform and that's where they are now now what are they known for they're known for very high production values we'll look at this in a second the same as like a streamer's unscripted tv quality they have a rotating troupe of really talented improv performers and then sort of special guests like sort of well-known comedians you would probably recognize come on the shows as well they are really good to their performers they have almost like a co-op model where they want to pay performers, like what they're worth. Now, I did some research on this. One comedian talked about making more money filming a single episode of one of the shows on Dropout than he did for his season-long role on a Paramount TV Plus show. Some other specific numbers, they have a show called Very Important People where they put you in elaborate makeup. And if you're the guest, You can make up to $10,000 per episode. They have another show called Dimension 20, which I think is a Dungeons and Dragons that's like celebrity and comedians playing Dungeons and Dragons. It's $7,000 per episode. They even pay performers to audition because they recognize, hey, it's a pain to come out and spend your time auditioning. So it's well-liked within the comedy community. It's also doing really well among viewers. I've been trying to track these numbers from interview discussions. In 2023, Sam Reich, the CEO, talked about them having, quote, mid-hundreds of thousands of subscribers, end quote. They then went on a big run that year. By 2025, they were reporting over a million subscribers. So, yes, this is much smaller than a Netflix. But a million subscribers at $7 a month, right, that's whatever it is, over $80 million a year. That's a pretty big revenue generator. All right, so let's take a closer look at what's going on with this particular micro streamer. And then I'm going to step back and try to figure out in general what do you need to succeed in this trend and what does it mean for the future of media. So as I mentioned before, we sent our intrepid newsletter director on to Dropout TV to subscribe and spend some time on it and take some pictures and send us back some notes. So I'm going to load up here on the screen for people who are watching instead of just listing some of these screenshots. All right, so this is the main interface of the channel. It's featuring on the front here, on the top banner, the hero banner, one of their shows called Dimension 20 Adventuring Academy. These are improv comedians. They play Dungeons & Dragons, and they banter with each other. As you can see, Jesse, this looks like Netflix, but also those production values, right? That's the same you would see on any sort of unscripted show on TV. All right, here's another picture. This is the interface, very similar to Netflix. it's a horizontal carousel and you can just see their shows and you can scroll sideways through the shows and we see here WTF 101 is a cartoon there's a show called Total Forgiveness, Cartoon Hell Ultimate Ultimate Chatron, Team Go a lot of this is unscripted some of this is scripted itself here's some more shows here here we see Hank Green pissing out cancer I think that maybe that's his stand-up special I did a thing with Hank that I think is coming out soon on his channel. He's a really cool guy. He's a good creator, so hopefully that's coming out soon. Here we see a screenshot from one of the shows. Again, these production values do not look like a good YouTube podcast. They look like Is It Cake on Netflix, right? So they've mastered. They really are spending the time and money to get full legacy value production values. This game show here, Game Changers, is an improv show, kind of like Whose Line Is It Anyways? is my understanding. And improv people love it. It's really, really good. It's really, really high quality. Here's another show. They have original cartoons. So that looks great. This show here is called Very Important People. So for those who are listening, I guess the right way to explain this, Jesse, is that it's a formal interview setting, kind of a cliched 90s-era interview setting. There's an interviewer in a pantsuit, and then the person being interviewed is in an elaborate hot dog costume. The premise of that show is this is a real guest, like a known person. And the premise of the show is they put you in elaborate, crazy costumes and then they have an interview. And, you know, for whatever reason, that works. Here's another show here. I think that's from the Dungeons and Dragons game. So, again, we see three comedians around some sort of gaming table where they're, I don't know, I guess they play and they chat. All right. So I also had Nate send some notes. What was his impression spending time on these shows? Here's some things he sent to us. it feels intuitive like any other streamer you have your trending continue watching and drop out originals categories i was surprised to find animated originals the archive is deep there is a ton of content even some of the original college humor stuff they record everything there's so much behind the scenes content and additional content they're a relatively small team so it's a smart play to use everything and give their loyal fan base an intimate look into how it all gets made. The overall tone is a mix of nerdy and cheerful. You can find Hank Green science explaining elaborate D&D sets improv that spans from silly to slapstick to existential and philosophical, sometimes flippant between the two in the same bit. It knows what it is, who its fan base is, and it delivers. All right, so that's Dropout TV, which again is killing it if we're talking a million subscribers at $7 a month. So here's the question I want to ask next. Why is Dropout TV successful? If we can understand what goes into making a micro streamer be able to generate tens of millions of dollars, we'll have a better understanding of what's going to happen with this trend going forward in the future. So I have three properties I want to suggest here. Having spent time listening to Nate and looking at this report and reading articles about this, I have three properties I want to suggest are critical for something like dropout TV to be successful. And I'm going to actually draw a picture for each of these properties on my virtual blackboard here for people who are watching, so just listening, because, well, I want to punish you. Making you see my drawing is never the best part of people's day, but I like doing it. All right. Property number one that you need to succeed. All right. So here's So I'm going to draw here. We have a stick figure standing there. And then we've got a camera. And don't laugh. That's great, Jesse. I don't know what you're talking about. And then here's a big lighting panel. All right. So what am I talking about here? What property is this? I'll write the word production. Production values. That's the thing that we started with. The thing that caught my attention about Masterclass. The thing that I think most obviously differentiates Dropout TV from YouTube. Production values. I think micro streamers need production quality that matches the large legacy platforms such as Netflix or such as Disney Plus or Masterclass. Now, that's expensive. It's getting cheaper. Dropout TV is a relatively small team, but you still need they got millions of dollars of investment over time to actually make this thing play out. so most people most indie creators won't be able to do this but if the price is low enough that it is not out of the reach for a very successful indie creator or talented group of people who already have some sort of notoriety or talent or fan base that people already know about 99.9 percent of independent content creators can't compete in the space but i don't think that's going to be a bad thing because that's going to prevent the problem that i think afflicts to free platforms like youtube which is crowding there's so much stuff on these platforms because the barrier to entry is so low, it's hard for the really good stuff to rise above the noise because for every good show that is on YouTube, right, there's going to be 100,000 weird videos and it's all getting mixed together. So it's not the worst thing in the world that this microstreamer universe is going to have a much smaller number of competing indie creators. You're not going to make a play here unless you have a good chance of actually offering something good. And I think that filtering might not be the worst thing. Let's take a quick break to hear from some of our sponsors. Here's a mistake that a lot of small business owners like myself often make. We think because we're not big that we'll be ignored by bad actors. But unfortunately, when it comes to digital attacks, that is not true. Cyber criminals know that lean teams often lack the resources to prevent or respond to a breach. What's the solution? You need 1Password. 1Password provides simple security to help small teams manage the number one risk that bad actors exploit, weak passwords. It's a simple turnkey solution that can be rolled out in hours, whether you have a dedicated IT staff or not. 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As always, maybe I'll ask Jesse to try to figure out what's going on here. Here, I'll switch colors. All right. What do you think about this, Jesse? I like it, but I've also cheated. You've seen the script, haven't you? All right. It's a person juggling. And I'm going to put under here, I'll put the word content. Okay. So the second property these micro streamers need is really good content. the content has to be undeniably good and it has to pass an important test it is better than most equivalent topic content that you can get for free right i think this is a key part of the micro streamer platform movement it's a dropout tv people who like comedy say this is the best improv they've seen since the show whose line is it anyways so you can't find equivalently good improv necessarily on YouTube easily. The shows are really good and funny, right? They're edited well. It's comedians who know each other, who know the format, who've auditioned. They put together really good groups of people. It's just really high quality to the degree where there's not a lot of free equivalents on YouTube or something that's going to scratch that same inch. You have to differentiate yourself with quality. In some platform, I mean, in some topics, that'll be easier than others. I think this is a problem right now that the maker DIY space is happening. There's a lot of really good maker DIY content right now on YouTube for free. And like that, for example, would make it hard if you're, you know, Adam Savage or the woman from NerdForge to say, we're going to create a micro streamer around maker content. The problem is, is you have really good stuff. You could make the production values better, but it would be hard to differentiate your content. You have to find an area whereby bringing in the right talent and putting in the right effort, you can differentiate yourself. It has to be undeniably good. All right, the third property is something that surprised me. I'll draw a picture over here. So this is supposed to be like a big audience of people that are then looking up. I don't know if it's a stage up here or something like that. All right, so what I mean by this audience, and I'll write the word here. people say my handwriting uh identical to uh queen elizabeth former queen of england similar quality and did she have great handwriting i guess i'm assuming so i think if queen elizabeth wrote something that looks like this that i have on the screen right now they would have said well she clearly had a stroke and they would have rushed her off to the hospital like clearly she has some sort of neurological damage. Community was the piece that surprised me. So this is something that Dropout is working on really well. They know their fans. They connect with their fans. They listen to their fans. They respond to their fans. And they create a parasocial relationship with their fans. This is Nate pointed this out and it caught me off guard. They'll talk a lot like the performers in these shows. They'll get personal. It'll be really funny. And then they'll talk about you know they're dealing with a sickness or like a mental health issue or something hard that's going on in their life and their other performers are there to support them and then they'll get back into doing like a really silly bit so it moves back and forth between vulnerable and funny they respond to the fans they do shows and specials based on like what the fans really like. Nate was telling me that they are going to release Blu-rays of some of their shows just because their fan has a lot of like TV culture nerd them in it who like the physical things like great we'll build these physical things they have a really great merch shop and they do live events and you could just tell it's it's tightly intertwined also just how they behave I've mentioned before all these like benefits they pay their performers really well they try to carve out a space or like we're we're like a co-op type model even if it's not technically that and the audience responds to it. They feel like they're a part of a community. I'm going to go back briefly to the notes. Nate pulled up some comments from the internet so you can see the way people think about this. I'm going to read a couple things. This is from a Reddit thread. Their content isn't my personal cup of tea, but I am 1000% on board with what they are doing as a business model, how they're treating their creative people. They pay people who audition. Let that sink in. Here's another comment. I know I sound like a corporate shill, but they have put in the work. I have never and extremely probably will never interact with anyone on the cast or crew. But from what's public, it seems like a good place to work. I hope they are what their social media and public filings portray them to be. So people are really into the company itself. This is a level of openness and transparency and vulnerability that you don't have in the legacy streamer models where you have a real separation between like the performer and the audience. Dropout TV is having success by obscuring those lines. Now to try to make this a little bit more clear, we tracked down a longtime fan of Dropout TV. Her name is Megan, and here's what's interested about this person. She's not a big streaming newsletter subscriber, streaming service person. She's a professor. This is not – she's not a big internet person, but she's deadly loyal. This is like one of the only things she pays for monthly is Dropout TV. So we got some tape from her explaining what it is about this service that really attracts her. So I really love the co-op model of Dropout. That is something that just from an ethical consumption standpoint, I really, really want to support. But then on top of that, there's all the rewards of what art is produced when artists are paid fairly, have ownership in the things they're doing, have really healthy workplaces and support. And then they produce extremely high quality creative work, really joyful work that like speaks to things happening out in the world that are really meaningful as well. So it's a way of processing the zeitgeist. And so it's not necessarily just escapism in like, you know, accessing these really silly skits, but it's also a way of processing and not feeling alone. and is exceptional high quality. And the way that it's set up is like resulting in the artists who've been hired in, in having success outside of Dropout alone. So their model paying people who are even just auditioning is really unique. And I, yeah, huge fan of both material and the way that it's set up in the world. Isn't that interesting, Jesse? It's like people can't even pull apart the like, I love the content. I love the workplace. I love what they're doing. It's been mixed all together, which I think is a really interesting model. People will pay for video. They'll pay for it even more regularly if they feel like this video is a window into a community that they feel like they're a part of. All right. So let's prognosticate. We've looked at this one microstreamer. Let's prognosticate. What is going to come next in this movement? Well, first I want to make a point. Not all content. In fact, I would say most content that is out there now and you can find it on platforms, free platforms like YouTube, doesn't make sense. Most content does not make sense for microstreamers. All right. So for example, if you're producing like reasonable stuff that has occasional virality, you want to be on an algorithmically curated free platform like YouTube, right? Because that's not going to pass the super high quality bars. It could be too expensive to pass the production value bar to be a successful microstreamer. And you want as many eyeballs as possible. So you want to be on a platform where virality can gain you big eyeballs on a semi-regular basis. On the other end, let's say you have really good production values, but you also have a massive audience. So I'm thinking like Mr. Beast or Mark Rober. Doesn't necessarily make sense for them to have a micro-streaming service either because when your audience is that big, you know, Rober has 70 million subscribers. Mr. Beast has several hundred million subscribers. When your audiences are that big, actually the best monetization strategy is to directly sell them your own products. And that's what they do. So, you know, Mr. Beast has like Feastables and Beast Burgers and Mark Rober has the Crunch Labs. And it turns out that's just going to make a lot more money than getting a much smaller fraction of that to pay a smaller subscription fee. And again, the other thing that's going to struggle like we talked about before is content that you could make really good, that you could have really good production values. but there's a lot of really, really good free equivalents already out there. And then it's just hard. Again, this is the DIY problem. I think about at the end of his TV run, the maker, former Mythbuster Adam Savage, had a show called Savage Builds. And it was like a great traditionally produced high-end production value maker show where you'd have a crazy project and him and a team would build the project, right? That show didn't work. and in part the reason why it didn't work is because by that point you had people doing equivalently crazy projects with maybe the production values weren't quite there but just as interesting maker projects on youtube for free and it was sort of the end of maker stuff on cable tv because you had people doing these huge projects for free on youtube and it became hard to separate the two. Interesting fact, Jesse, the director of my masterclass directed like half of the episodes of Mythbusters. So she knows those guys really well. All the things connect. All right. So what is the future though? What do I predict is going to happen? All right. I have a few points here I'm going to throw out there. I'm going to look into my crystal ball. I do think there will be a micro streamer boom. A lot of money is going to come into this. A lot of private investment money. There will be a mini bust as well. A lot of these things are not going to work, but we're going to shake it out to have like a pretty stable ecosystem of micro streamers at the end of that boom bust cycle. I don't know how many, I'm going to say less than 200, I mean, more than 200, less than 5,000. That'd be my best guess, right? And so what we're going to have is a situation where, you know, a lot of people might subscribe to three to five micro streamers in addition to like a one or two of the big streamers. This might sound like crazy, but it's not crazy. if you think about how many people are already subscribing to like three or five sub stacks, which is just text, we're talking the same amount of money. But for now, a chiclet or app that can be on your Apple TV next to Netflix that gives you really high quality, indistinguishable from the streamers, hard to find elsewhere, content that has a real sense of community. I think we're just going to find a lot of people like, yeah, I have a few of those on my smart TV. So we're going to have maybe a few thousand of these. These are going to be multi-million dollars, usually like eight-figure-a-year revenue, not nine-figure-euro revenue-type companies, then that's just going to become a part of the entertainment experience. I'm trying to think about examples of what could be there. It's like Joe Rogan is someone who could probably have a successful micro-streamer because you could imagine what would that app give you. Well, it would be, I don't know, certain episodes of his show that aren't otherwise available, maybe like certain types of episodes like to protect our park episodes where he's joking around with his comedian friends, But then you could put a lot of stand-up from his comedy club could be on there as well. So you could see all these clips, new clips every week from stand-up comics. And he could probably put a camera in his green room and kind of have a regular show of like comics that are just sort of BSing in the green room. And then maybe – I think he's building a ranch outside of Austin. I could imagine some sort of show where him and other comedians, like they go hunting or something and whatever. Like you could imagine an ecosystem there. It's like $10 million a year, $20 million a year investment to run this thing, makes $100 million. Like that type of thing is going to be more likely. If we did Deep Questions TV, Jesse, I think we would have conservatively 20 hours of skeleton footage each week. I think conservatively. there'd be a show that's just me doing accents, which I think would be popular. And a weekly series that's called Cal network lifts things. And it would just be Cal network lifting absurdly heavy things while women clap, not like uproariously, but just like, yeah, well done. And a show of you trying to improve your handwriting, like the queen, there'd be a show. It would be called Cal or queen. And, and they would show handwriting on it. And then you'd have to guess what's written by me. Or Queen Elizabeth, the former Queen of England. That would also be a popular microstreamer, so we'll have to get on that. We just need, if anyone wants to invest $20 million, we could deliver this like tomorrow. All right, so what's our assessment of this? Is this microstreamer revolution on protecting a good thing? I think yes. A few things I want to point out here. A, it's non-algorithmic, which is music to my ears. When you have a subscription service, what is your incentive as the provider of content? delighting your audience, giving them the best possible experience. You don't really, time on the device doesn't matter. You're not going to incentivify and do all sorts of weird ads and data mining. You want that to be the best possible experience. That's better for consumers. Non-algorithmic content is not addictive content. Non-algorithmic content can have much higher quality in a sort of almost literary type of creative sense, right? Like it'd be more uplifting. I think some of these dropout TV shows are way more interesting to consume, top-notch improv with real vulnerability and interesting people than like a TikTok video of someone getting kicked in the nuts. Oh, that could be another episode on our streaming channel. Just constantly finding people and kicking them in the nuts. I guess that would do really well. So I think that's good. Another good thing about this revolution, it injects money into the class of skilled creative people, which I think is vitally important for any sort of advanced culture or society. you need a whole substrate of highly talented creative people it should be hard to make it into that substrate you really got to be good but there should be an economic means to support people who are really good at comedy and writing or doing the skilled trades that surround producing high production quality video it's actually one of the sadder that something that was sort of sad about my masterclass experience is like everyone there was coming out of movies and this was one of the only gigs in town because all the movie productions all overseas now because you can produce your movies overseas for half the cost. So all these skills trades people are running out of work. So I think that is really good. I think it more important to have an internet entertainment ecosystem that supports a sort of middle class of skilled creative professionals To me that much more important than what we have now which is an internet creative ecosystem that supports like a small number of 24-year-old influencers and like everyone else makes no money. That's not that useful to a society. The existence of Jake Paul is not that critical for a functioning society, but you lose all of the highly skilled humor writers, I think that is a real loss that you're going to feel. So I think that's good as well. I also think it undermines the massive social platforms, which again is a good thing because I really dislike those platforms. And I've been making this argument. I always go back to that New Yorker piece I wrote in 2023 on TikTok in the fall of the social media giants. But as soon as all those social media giants said, we're going to follow the TikTok model of algorithmically curated short form video, not social networks, not giving you information from people you follow or your friends, but just showing you the most compelling possible things. I said that was the day they sealed their death warrant because now they're just competing with everything else that can offer entertainment. And I think micro streamers, when it matches your interest, when it's a community that you like, that is going to be something that is going to be more compelling. then let me just fall back on Instagram and watch my trad wife Instagram. I don't know, fitness influencer, kick someone in the nuts or whatever's going on in Instagram. So I think in general, knock on wood, if I'm right about this, it's a good thing. I think that's good for the future of media. And I'm excited for some of the micro streamers. They're going to enter my life and give me better, high quality entertainment to watch in a way that I am happy to be watching it. So there you go. Had you heard of dropout TV? No, I had never heard of it either. So none of those people on Dropbox TV, do they have a presence on YouTube as well? I don't know. They probably do. Yeah, they probably put clips on YouTube to promote it. I think I heard something like that. Yeah. So they're on there, but they were entirely on YouTube and they're like, this is a pain. And that's why they moved over to the micro streamer. So even with the revenue sharing that they got from YouTube? Yeah, I don't think they were making enough money from that. I mean they weren't going to make $70 million a year on YouTube, which they're able to do here. They're growing now. I was doing a lot of reading in like Variety and other Hollywood-centric newspapers. They're now hiring professional like producers and entertainment executives from like TV networks and streamers and stuff like that. So it's sort of – it's growing now, but it's still a very small team compared to anything else for which you might have an app on your TV. But once you click it, you can't tell the difference. That's what's exciting to me. Once you can't tell the difference, it doesn't mean automatically you'll be successful, but it means you as an independent now have a shot at being successful in that type of pay media ecosystem. So I think it's a bigger deal than people realize. But we shall see. All right, we're going to take another quick break to hear from some of our sponsors. Men, let me level with you. We need to take better care of our skin. And here's the way to do it with the help of Caldera Lab. Caldera Lab makes high-performance skin care designed specifically for men's skin. 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All right. So that's what we got for our ideas section. I think we'll move on now. Talk. practices. Earlier this year, I switched to a new task management app. It's called Things3. I spent $10 to buy a copy for my phone, and then I spent $50 to buy a copy for my Mac. I can't actually remember the last time I spent that much money on a piece of software, but that's what you have to do with Things3. There's no free version. It's not a monthly subscription fee. If you want it on a device, you buy a copy for that device. Now, I want to talk briefly today about why I spent $60 on a task app, because I think the reason is more generally relevant than just why I like this app. And it gets to a core point about how to successfully use technology to help organize your life. All right. So I'm going to load up on the screen here for people who are watching, instead of just listening, a screenshot of Things 3 in action. So what we see over here is a list of different areas. There's an inbox today, upcoming below here. What you see is areas like family work and hobbies. And here they have these circles are lists that exist under the different areas. You don't have to have project list under areas. You can just have standalone tasks. I do that. If we look at the actual task pane, we see here a particular list called prepare presentation. And there's a bunch of tasks. These tasks have been divided into sub areas. I don't do that, but you can do that if you want. And that's about it. A couple of little features to notice. Some tasks have a star, meaning that something that you said you wanted to work on that day. Others have a date next to them, meaning that you have an upcoming deadline. One other view here, this shows what happens if you click the today tab, which is very nice. It shows you all the tasks for whatever list and whatever areas they'd click the star on saying you wanted to work on that particular day, you see them all in one place. That's basically it with things three. So what about this made me want to spend $60? There's one feature in particular that they emphasize that I think is critical. Reducing friction. They have minimized the effort, time and clicks involved in going from a task in mind to a task in system, or to see task in your system in front of you. There's all sorts of sort of intuitive shortcuts that they've perfected over the years. You hit space bar and you could just start typing. If you want to set a date, you like click on the calendar and it pops up right there and you click on it. So the interface is beautiful. What they don't emphasize, which a lot of other task applications do, is features. If you look at the web pages for a lot of other popular task apps, they try to overwhelm you with feature after feature that they offer. are all these complicated integrations. You could do this, you could do that. You could integrate these apps with your task app. And what's going to happen is that you will automatically get sent a notice to your Apple watch. If you happen to walk past this billboard on the vernal equinox, and then your notion board will capture it and send it to an LLM after which the mouse trap falls and you get trapped under the cage. Like they're always pushing all these different features. And I get why that's compelling because you're like, wow, these are all things I could do that could make my app more powerful. But here's what I learned in my two decades of thinking and writing about the intersection of productivity and technology. Features are not the problem. The number one problem people have with any sort of task management system is they stop using them. It doesn't matter how many cool features and integration your tools have if you don't use them. And so the number one problem that you want to avoid if trying to use technology to organize your life is to stop using the technology. This is where friction enters the scene. It is the number one reason why people give up with a tool over time. When you're first using it, there's a little bit of friction. I got to do a couple clicks here to enter a task. I have to, I can't really see the full title of this task until I click on the card and then I see the whole thing. When you're first using the app, that's not a big deal. Like, okay, whatever. It's a couple of extra clicks. But the point is, look at all these cool features. But over time, that friction begins to add up and it generates more and more heat until it gets too hot for the system as a whole to run. It's when you're tired, it's when you're busy, it's when you're in a hurry that that friction becomes more and more annoying until you finally say, I don't want to do those clicks anymore. I'll just keep track of this in my head or like send an email to myself and the system is out of your life. So we think about task technology wrong. We think about features when we should be thinking about friction because by far the largest expected value that you're going to get from a task tool, the largest expected value will be from the simple tool you use for a long time. That is a larger amount of aggregate value than a fancy tool that you do great things with but only for a few weeks. And so that is why I like things is the friction is so low. It makes it as easy as possible to use. I actually looked this up, Jesse. I first started talking about reducing friction and test task tools back in 2006. 2006. 2006. And my second book, which was called The Da Vinci Code. I want to be in this dump if that was my book. I'd be podcasting from a golden throne. No. In my second book, which was almost as popular as The Da Vinci Code, How to Become a Straight A Student. Actually, here's a connection to Da Vinci Code. There's a real one. And I remember, because I have a bad memory for most things except books. I remember every book I've read and where I was for whatever reason. And I remember exactly where I was reading. I read The Da Vinci Code. It would have been the summer of 2003. I was staying at a friend's house in New Jersey, northern New Jersey. They can remember the room I was reading The Da Vinci Code. They had a copy there and I started reading it. during that trip the thing i kept checking on is uh the proposal for my first book so i was a finished my junior year in college how to win at college was out the publishers that summer and so while i was reading the da vinci code in northern new jersey in the summer of 2003 i was waiting to hear back had we sold my first book so it all kind of connects together anyways the next year i wrote how to become a straight a student and in my section about how to manage your task as a student, it's all focused on reducing friction. It was a system I invented and no computers involved. You ripped a sheet of paper out of a notebook and kept in your pocket all day. And then you use your digital calendar you already had as a place where you stored everything. And I was really clear. This is the simplest possible system I could come up with because you don't need features. Your problem is not that you don't have a sufficiently complicated task management system. Your problem is you don't have a task management system. And if I want you to have one, I got to make it so simple that even when you're hung over and you're rushing the class, Jesse is still going to use it. So from the very beginning of my professional career, thinking about this intersection of technology and productivity, friction is what I cared about. That's why I like Things 3. They care about it too. And it's so important to me that I was willing to pay $60 for it. So there we go. Things 3, Jesse, I recommend it. So are you still using Trello? I'm not right now. I'm not right now. There are certain things I do where Trello is the right tool. In particular, if it's a complicated project with multiple people involved, Trello is the right tool because you need the ability to have easy sharing of your workspace with other people. You need the ability to attach voluminous information to individual cards. That's critical, I think, for team collaboration. Oh, here is the text of this email. Here's a PDF of the report. So all the stuff you need to execute a task lives on the same card that everyone sees and can update. So Trello was very useful when I was working on team projects. I'm not right now. most of what I'm doing is in my sort of uh deep work pain cave of you know books and articles and all this type of stuff that's just uh individual effort and I was all kind of crowding onto each other and so I had to fall back onto my roots friction friction friction so right now my troll is waiting there and I'll use it again and I get to my next larger collaborative project but for my personal stuff man I'm just reducing the friction so then you check the app on your phone yeah I have it on my phone and I have it on my mac on my laptop so and then they sync so You can synchronize. They have a service, a cloud service that you can synchronize your various copies, each of which you paid for full retail. You can synchronize them so that the changes go between them. So $60 times two? No, because it was $50 for the Mac and $10 for the phone. Oh. Yeah, and it's $20 for the iPad. Yeah. But if I wanted to put it on like the computer here. $60 more. Well, yeah, another $50 more. Yeah, it could add up. I love it though. Also, you spend money for it. This is stupid, but it's true. you spend money for something you take it more seriously yeah so um anyways i'm like and it's not an ad for things three i don't know the culture code people uh but there you go so friction matters all right jesse let's move on to questions hi the first question is from alex i work in a clerical position from nine to five each day i want to become a biblical scholar on the side how should i do this what do you think he means i wonder jesse like does he mean I want to be able to like in I got two definitions I want to be able to I'm not gonna give three definitions let's do three definitions easiest definition I want to be able to engage with English translations of the Bible in a sort of sophisticated way like reading commentary and stuff like this number two option option number two I want to be able to engage with the Bible in the original language. So for the Hebrew Bible, you're learning biblical Hebrew, and for the New Testament, you're learning Greek. But just so that you can have a deeper engagement with the text. Option number three is option two, plus you want to do originally scholarly research on the Bible. So there's three different options for what he could mean here. He didn't elaborate. He actually emailed me. All right, so could you get more details here? He did not elaborate. He did not elaborate. Yeah. Okay. Well the first option which I think is a very reasonable place to start this is a great side project sort of like personal development side project where you get a what I would do is I would get like a reading list I going to go through these books I going to go back and you know maybe I going to go back and I going to reread these sections through the light of these books, or you can follow through the Bible over a particular period of time, depending on what scope of the Bible you want to read. It can take a lot of years to get through the, even the whole Hebrew Bible. Most of the cycles I've seen take like three or four years. If you're interested in just the first five books, what the Jews would call the Torah, You can, that's split up regularly into a single year. You have a Parsha every week. That's not so hard to follow. So have some sort of curriculum of reading and studying. I've done a lot of biblical scholarship in the last couple of years. This type of amateur, just like reading these books and reading these elements. I think it's, it's, you could do that tomorrow. Just put aside half hour a day and you can make progress. Learning biblical Hebrew, that option. There's people who do this, right? Like who are lay, meaning like non-academics who do this, there's courses that can help you, right? Especially Hebrew, biblical Hebrew, because like in the Jewish communities, there's like a really good thing to learn how to read, you know, the Bible in Hebrew. So there's lots of courses and it takes a while. I think it's hard. But this could be a two-year project to like I can actually read and kind of understand. And I mean, I think you're not going to be able to do like an altar style level of translation or Richard Elliott, like people who just spend their entire life in the nuances of the language. But you could kind of read and understand it, and I think there's some value in that. That's a two-year project. If you want to be able to read and understand to the point where you could do scholarly work, like you probably would need to learn the languages, and then you would need to probably go to school part-time. So give a year or so to learn the languages and do like a two-year. you probably would do like a divinity masters, theology masters, part-time. So this might be like a five to eight year project. I don't think that's crazy. This is like a core idea from slow productivity. Something taking a long time is not a problem. If it's important to you and you enjoy the process, and in this case you feel like it's, I don't know, purifying your soul or something, why not have that, say this decade, this is going to be a structuring element of my life. So I'm not worried about any of these options taking a long time. In fact, I'm going to say I like that all these options take a long time. Sticking discipline and with diligence to things that are important and take time is a really good way of orienting yourself in the world and finding value. So you should do it, Alex. Whatever option you're looking at, I say do it. All right, what's our next question? Next question is from Brett. I know you lean toward AI skepticism, but someone recently sent my wife and I this article and it sort of freaked us out. Can you help us figure out what, if anything, in this argument isn't right? All right. So I have the article here that Brett sent. The title was We're Not Ready for AI Superintelligence. I'm not going to read the whole article. Let me read the intro and then I summarize. I can summarize the points of the article and then I'll react to it. So the intro to the article says, there's no shortage of dystopian views of the future, but this one might be worth your time. Basically, it's a step-by-step visualization of where we're taking artificial intelligence development and technology, projecting it out logically into the future, into a future which could end with the extinction of the human race. It says the what? If that sounds implausible and stupidly pessimistic, it might help to follow the steps from here to there and think about which of them you disagree with. So the gauntlet is laid down in this intro to this article. hey every step in here is pretty logical so like this might sound like the end point's crazy but you got you tell me where there's an illogical step all right so i took on that challenge and the answer of where are there illogical steps everywhere in this article there are so many mistakes in this article i don't think that was the flex they thought when they said to see if you can find something that is illogical the whole thing is pretty illogical i actually think this article is just cribbed from project AI 2027. This is very familiar. I'm teaching a doctoral seminar on superintelligence right now at Georgetown. So we're reading a lot of the, we read a lot of the source documents for the current conception of superintelligence, including that and who the people were and how their views evolved. And so I recognize a lot of this. I'm just going to summarize really quickly the story here at a high level, then I'll tell you what the fly is. So basically the way this goes is it says, okay, we have the AI that we have now, which is like cool but seems kind of harmless then it says but the next ai iteration is a hundred times as smart fast as powerful and the one after that is a thousand times as powerful and their argument is just recursive self-improvement like we get a hundred times more powerful and now the ai can just start improving itself and then they scale the quantity of chips and like well what if we have 50 000 of these really smart ais now it's like having 50 000 scientists all working on trying to make the next ai better and we we lose control of it that's the storyline This is not unique to this article. I can tell you as someone, again, who's studying superintelligence from a cultural and technological view in a doctoral seminar, this is the standard argument for superintelligence, scaling up of ability, scaling up of quantity, control lost. What step here is illogical? We don't know how to do either of those scalings. We do not know how to make AI twice as good as it is right now, nonetheless 100 times as good. this is not a simple matter of just give it more time and more energy and it keeps going up some type of curve. It is hard to make better AIs. Now, there was a brief window into language models where we had a tool that got us from here to here. This is called pre-training scaling. It got us from two to three, three to 3.5 and 3.5 to four. Just by making the actual size of the models and the amount of time we trained them bigger, they got better. But that only gave us a relatively constrained improvement from two to four. After that, as I talked about this last August in my article for The New Yorker called, you know, what if AI doesn't get much better than this, pre-training scaling began to stall out. Most of the quote-unquote improvements in straight language model performance we've gotten since the stall out after GPT-4 comes from post-training, which is tuning these existing pre-trained models to do good on very specific tester metrics. It's not nearly as impressive as the big systemic leaps and ability we got from pre-training scaling. So now that's kind of where we are now is finding particular uses where we can get the right data sets to use reinforcement learning techniques to get these fine-tuning improvements on very narrow performance areas. So we're kind of tinkering with the car and don't know how to actually make it substantially better. So how are we going to get it? You can't just casually say, yeah, you know, over the next few years, this will get 100 times better. And then what will happen? We don't know how to make it 100 times better. We also don't know how to do recursive self-improvement. These models are trained on things that they've already seen. There's a little bit of minor generalization from the distributions, but pretty much they're working with rules and patterns that they are exposed to in training. If you haven't trained an AI on how to build an even better AI, it can't do that. There is no notion of like just if we keep magically training these things, it will eventually be able to make better things. that's the same thing as saying like look man uh we went from propeller planes to fast propeller planes and then we had jet planes that are going faster um so within a few years we'll probably be traveling like roughly a hundred thousand miles per hour and at that point there's these other issues we have to deal with like no we don't know how to get from 700 to a hundred thousand miles per hour we're kind of tapped out we don't have the technology for it we don't know what technology could do that. So don't be too taken in by scaling arguments. Demand that people talk about actual technologies that exist today or imminently are coming in the near future and their concrete implications. Do not react to extrapolation. So much of this type of AI vibe coverage that we see in articles like this is really people creating an extrapolation that's unverified by what we actually know is possible. And then they react to their own extrapolation. And they're like, how can you not be worried about my story I wrote? But again, it's like if I tell you some story where like planes are getting faster and then we all turn into ghosts and I'm like, why could, how are you not upset about us all becoming ghosts? You'd be like, because we're not all gonna become ghosts and we don't know how to make planes much faster. It's kind of a weird mixed metaphor there, Desi. It's really actually very deep. I just can't get into all the details of why. Just trust me, that's actually a very deep anecdote. So Brett, there's a lot of concerns about AI that I have. Super intelligence is not one of them. Again, I'm studying this very closely, both culturally and technologically. This is not something that serious computer scientists are worried about. Yes, I know ones that are in the news, like kind of make these cryptic statements about being worried about AI. There's their own type of politics and the gen is going there. But let me tell you, behind the scenes, people who actually are not being quoted by reporters and work on this technology, there is not a path here that anyone serious is actually worried about. That's what I would say about that. I'm reading too much about this these days, Jesse. but super intelligence is just not it's not a serious concern it was a interestingly the very first people to write about the even computers brought up this fear we went back and read things early alan turing worried about this john von neumann talking about the singularity uh norbert weiner talking about things getting out of control uh jay good is the one who actually invented the idea of recursive self-improvement he called it ultra intelligence of the 60s one of these like information theory head guys um also was very worried about so as soon as we had the idea of a computer we got worried what if these things kept getting better and take over so it goes back to the very first people writing about computers it's interesting so this is a course this semester yeah first time you had this course yeah so so georgetown has these things called doctoral seminars where it's just doctoral students they're reading courses like you're reading cutting-edge work and um trying to have original thoughts so i have 10 students that are all doing research on AI in some capacity or the other. And then we're doing this. The cool thing we're doing, inspired by John Haidt's research group at NYU, we are creating a collaborative work document, which is an annotated bibliography of all these papers we're reading organized by section, where you get the summary of who wrote this paper, when did it come out, what's it about, what's interesting about it, what are the flaws about it, and how does it connect. And we're building out this really big collaborative work document of all these papers so that people who are doing research or writing or journalists who are thinking about superintelligence can have this big guide to like the relevant papers and what to read and who to talk to. So we'll have a pretty cool work product that comes out of it when we're done. And then after you're done, are you going to see if JetGPT can do the same thing? Yeah. No, what I'm going to do, and I think this will be fascinating, is I'm going to read it on the podcast, all 400 pages of it. I'll be like, citation number 17. then I'll read through like where it appeared that's what people want to hear all right uh we like to close out the show talking about what I'm reading a book I finished last week this is why I was interested in Alex's question about becoming a biblical scholar as I finished reading Richard Elliott's book the hidden book in the bible Richard Elliott's one of my favorite biblical scholars um he's like one of these critical biblical scholars uh studies scholars critical biblical analysis studies scholar. These are the people that goes all the way back to the Germans in the 1800s who studied the linguistic characteristics of the Hebrew Bible and by the characteristics of the text can actually break it up into different writers. And so like you have your primary writers of the early books of the Hebrew Bible, they call the Yahwehist, the priestly source, and the Deuteronomist. There's some other sources as well. Anyways, he has this argument in this book that actually the Yahwehist wrote many more parts of the Hebrew Bible than he's often given credit for, or she, he actually has an argument. It could be either. There's reason to believe it could be a woman. I think Bloom was much more bigger on this idea, much more definitive about it, where Eliot's like, we just don't know, but it's possible. There's various reasons why, which is interesting. Anyways, Eliot is arguing that Yahweh's contributions to the Bible goes beyond the things he's most known for in like Genesis. And that what he did in this book is he took all of the texts from the Bible that he thinks was written by this one writer and just put it together into one independent story. An original translation he did. And he says when you see it all together, he's like it's like a majestic work of literature because it won – not only does it flow from one story to the other, but there's all these echoes and callbacks to same things happen like again and again, and you see like the stories and the repeated themes, and so it's pretty cool. I mean I've never read the whole Hebrew Bible before, So this is not all of it because it's just the contributions of the Yahweh is, but it's like many of the main stories. And so it was kind of like interesting to follow this one through line. Like I didn't have – I didn't know a lot of the stories that happened sort of post-Joshua going into Canaan. I sort of know the first five books pretty well. but like all of the war story section all of the like we killed all the whatever um david and saul and uh it's these stories i kind of knew but i'd never heard them all is it a beast of a book uh it's a bit of a beast of a book yeah i mean you know it's not crazy it's like 400 something pages so you've remembered every book you've ever read i mean i don't know if that's true i just have like a really strong there's certain things i have a strong memory for and one of the things i have a strong memory for is books that they imprint on me in a way where I not always, but I often, if I get a book, I can remember the various places I read it. Um, this was very, I also have a, I don't have a photographic memory, but I have like a, I don't, there's a word for it where if I read something, especially if I'm, if I'm like, I read over something and I explain it out loud, like do a little active recall, I can often will remember, I can remember long portions of prose. And so like when I would take tests and stuff, you know, at Dartmouth, I could remember like whole passages from studying and I could kind of replicate them when I was doing the blue book. So I have something, I have like the linguistic memory or part of my brain is whatever it is. But yeah, I have a stronger memory for that than almost anything. So I don't know. I remember books. I sometimes get things wrong, but that's one of my better memories. All right, so that's what I'm reading. I'm reading also I have like four books in progress right now. So there's going to be like one week where they all finish. It's like, did you read four books last week? But I I'm reading a lot of books in parallel, making a little bit of progress on each. So like all those dams are going to break all at once, I think. And I'm just going to come back and have like a ton of books. So now that we're given like a little different structure to the reading component of the show, are we just going to assume that you read five books a month? Are you going to like summarize them at some point? I don't want to talk about them twice. I thought it was nicer just to talk each week about what I read that week. Internally. What is that faith that you're reading five a week? Well, no, you can count. Just count the segments. Go through the segments and count up. I still do five a month. That's what I aim for still. No, I know. Yeah, five or more. But yeah, you're going to have to actually go back and count up what's happening in the segments now. All right. Speaking of what, that's all the time we have for today. Be back next week with another episode. And until then, as always, stay deep. Lone for control