Welcome back to the AI Policy Podcast. I'm Matt Mand, and I'm excited to be sharing today a special conversation featuring the Indian and French ambassadors to the U.S., Ambassador Quattro and Ambassador Beely. This fireside chat, which was part of our January 30th conference, is somewhat of a passing of the torch between the two countries and includes some really good insights into both India's priorities for the summit and the future of global cooperation around AI. As we mentioned here before, the India AI Impact Summit will take place from February 16th to 20th in New Delhi and is the successor to the Paris AI Action Summit, which took place in early 2025. Once you finish listening to this, I definitely recommend checking out our other great panels and speakers from the conference, which you can find at CSIS.org. But in the meantime, enjoy the Well, good morning, and thank you all for coming to CSIS today. We have a very exciting opportunity here connecting the two hosts of the past and the current AI summits. These summits have demonstrated a profound ability to shape the global conversation on artificial intelligence. And I think we all saw that in action at the Paris AI Action Summit, which was co-hosted, actually, by France and India. And now, with the India AI Impact Summit, the eyes of the world are turning to Delhi, where we will see the new vision for AI coming out of India that is more inclusive of the global south and includes an extraordinary diversity of events and activities about which we are all very excited. My name is Gregory Allen. I'm the senior advisor at the Wadwani AI Center here at CSIS, the Center for Strategic and International Studies. I am the AI guy here, all AI all the time. And so this summit is a big, exciting opportunity for me. I'm recently returned from Delhi with my colleague Rick Rosso, our India chair, and now really excited to come back. So please join me in welcoming our two ambassadors, Ambassador Quatra from India to the United States and Ambassador Beely from France to the United States. So Ambassador Quatra, let me begin with you. The India AI Impact Summit is only a handful of weeks away. and we've already heard a great deal about what India's priorities are because there have been hundreds of pre-events as part of this summit. It really has been the year of the India AI Impact Summit and this event is in fact an official pre-event of the AI Impact Summit. But let me just give you the opening opportunity to say what we should expect and be excited for about this summit and what you're doing to make it happen. Thank you very much and thanks first of all for inviting me and giving this opportunity to the embassy to speak about the AI Summit. Great to be with my colleague and old friend, our Ambassador of France is here, Laurent. A few things I would say in so far as the upcoming Indian AI Summit is concerned. One, this is the first time that the summit is taking place in a global south country. It's therefore of great consequence that it captures the significance that the technology per se and AI in particular holds for the countries of the global south, indeed of course for the rest of the world also. As a result, the summit is being anchored on three major platforms. We call it three sutras essentially. The first sutra, our first anchor of it is people. Essentially underlying theme there is that the cultural diversity of people, the dignity of people and the access of people to the technology is in shock. That's the people part of it. It would then translate into several technological aspects of it, but that's for the people who work on the models and they lead to their adoption would sort of do that. The second part of it which is important is the planet. The idea is that any technology is not centered just on a particular geography, but is available for the progress of the planet. Embedded in it is an aspect of what in India is called as frugal innovation in terms of optimization of resources that lead to this technology innovation. And third of course is the Sutra of Progress, which is that it has to lead to the economic and the technological progress and prosperity of the society. If we distill it into, let's say, a single phrase, not really capturing the entirety of summit, but the essence of it is, it is what my prime minister has said, the need to democratize AI, which means ensure that it is available, accessible to people at large in a very easy manner. on which they can then adopt, innovate, diffuse to scale. So I think that's the frame in which the summit would proceed for the democratization of AI, for the benefit of the society, centered around the three anchors of, as I said, people, planet, and progress. Terrific. Thank you so much. Ambassador Beely, we've seen a lot of cooperation between France and India, not just in the previous summit, but in this coming up period to the summit with the India-France AI Policy Roundtable in November. So how do you think about continuing the legacy of the Paris AI Action Summit, and what specific events or contributions will France be bringing to the summit week in New Delhi? Well, thanks a lot for having me, and always a pleasure to be with my friend, Ambassador Quattro. As you mentioned, France and India have got a very special partnership, Go back to decade and these last ones it was very much focus on AI Prime Minister body and prison back home cost As a reaction summit in in Paris. I think you were there so you enjoyed I did And since then we have been working on on on preparing the daily impact summit and so on the same way President back home will add to daily with a big delegation with several ministers researcher Private sector and we will as a direct contribution. We will also have a lot of side event organized together with India on the implementation part of Paris action summit especially regarding sustainable AI and public interest AI so it's really about going further. Great. Can I supplement, Greg, that for a minute? Because Laurent talked about the package that came out of the Paris summit, which we were privileged to co-host with France and the implementation part of it. One of the key aspects of the upcoming summit in Delhi is going to be, it's embedded in the title of the AI. It's called the impact, it's called AI impact summit. And the idea is that society is a large, when it comes to deployment of technology, should move more towards outcome and implementation, what Laura referred to, rather than just remain, confine itself to the regulatory and the other aspects of it. So impact part, as I said about on the three anchors, would essentially define how the summit progresses in terms of its agenda and discussions. So, well, thank you. And Ambassador Billy, it's been now a year since the Paris AI Action Summit. And as you look back, what were the most important successes? Where did it fall short? What sort of advice would you give to your Indian colleagues as they're putting on a spectacle such as this one? So since we co-host the summit, we, I think, share exactly where we are. But looking back I think the first goal was really about moving a bit the discussion Changing the global narrative Yes especially not to be too defensive about safety but also thinking about all what is really the benefit, the good of the eye on the future of work, culture, environmental sustainability, global governments, health, this kind of issue. The second part, I think we have been able to have tangible outputs, including the launch of current AI that I mentioned, the International Coalition on Sustainable AI, the publication of the International AI Safety Report, and dozens of concrete projects demonstrating AI for the public school. Having said that, even if we are very good, it's not the end of the story. move very fast and the technology is moving very fast. So there is always a risk that we are behind what is really happening. And we start a process also to bring more countries into the picture. And I think Delhi will go even further. We don't want AI to be restricted to a small group of countries. But no, I think it's really about also the implementation part and going further on that and avoiding that we, because the technology is moving so fast that we have also a fragmented world about regulations, a way to handle AI. So I think that's where I think it would be very important to continue to discuss in Delhi. Great. And Ambassador Quatra, for this upcoming summit, there's a week-long agenda, including the AI Impacts Expo, the Research Symposium, a CEO Roundtable, and will culminate, we presume, in a leader's declaration. Can you walk us through these different components and explain what they're all intended to achieve, how the parts fit together to make the whole? Yeah. You know, the parts would clearly indicate to you that we are trying to achieve what I would call as a full-stack AI summit. Yes, there would be an AI Impact Expo. We are expecting about 400 plus exhibitors from about 30 plus countries to exhibit during this expo. It would be divided among 10 specific domains, which would allow capacities in each domain, agriculture, healthcare, governance, industry segments to be showcased in this exhibition. Naturally, part of this, I'm assuming here, exhibitors would also focus not just on safety and reliability of AI, but also commercial viability propositions involved in AI use in a segmented domain. Research Symposiums are an intrinsic part of this technology in any way. To the best of my knowledge, right now, currently about 300 plus parallel sessions are being planned in which different participants would be speaking about this technology and its various facets. facets. Naturally, that would have a strong research component to it, especially including what the possible future directions of this technology streams might be, not just limited perhaps to the LLM models, but also going to the new aspects of AI that are being talked about. A CEO roundtable is essentially a closed-door session involving a discussion between the the Honorable Prime Minister of India, and the CEOs and the top executives from the global tech giants. We are expecting a large number of the global tech CEO community to be present at the AI summit, which would be participating in it. Are you able to name any names at this stage? I think there are more names coming through, so you would see the full display of the names there, but we are hoping and expecting that the people who actually lead the AI technology world, not just in terms of the industry CEOs, etc., but also those leaders who think about AI, who think about research in AI, who think about how this research could lead to new dimensions of AI going forward, not just in terms of application, but perhaps new mathematical models that might emerge. So there is a spectrum of tech leadership which goes beyond CEOs in that sense, which would get captured at this roundtable. Naturally, there will be Indian CEOs also, Indian thinking also, talking about how our own indigenous models are shaping out. we might see a launch of a couple of them during the summit. That also remains in work. And then, of course, is the leader's declaration, or I would say the summit declaration, which will come out of the summit. That declaration is in works, and we are hoping it will be a good, comprehensive declaration which will capture the four things I mentioned right in the beginning, which is the people, progress, and planet, and the impact and how then impact threads through people, progress, and planet and comes out in the form of declaration. So one of the major outcomes for France's domestic perspective at the summit was catalyzing a lot of investment in France's technology and AI sector. At least from the outside, it appeared that the summit was an important driver of these outcomes. I'm just curious if that's your perception as well. How important was the summit itself in catalyzing investment? And what impact are you seeing from those commitments that were announced at the summit last year? It's definitely, it was a very powerful catalyst. We had something like 109 billion private investment promises. A high return on investment for the cost of the summit, I think. Yes, it was. And I don't know if some of you have seen a chart recently, but I think on foreign direct investment on AI, France was really having a big part of the project on the pipeline. So it was an interesting thing. And it's not only on power plants, but it's also a lot about research, computing infrastructure, and large-scale AI data. So it has been good. And also it helps to foster EU Commission attention. And so at the same moment or in the week after, the EU Commission announced 200 billion in investment across Europe. So I think we are also pushing Europe in that same direction. So in that sense, it has been quite a success. and I think we are really moving for deploying rapidly this infrastructure and also it helps us to support new talents. We had a lot of good engineers, not to compete with India of course, but still we have a lot of praise for engineers from the tech sector in the US. And also through that pool of talents financing, we have a very thriving startup community with more than 2,000 startups in the AI domain. So I feel quite confident about how things are going, looking forward and doing after the impact summit. And Ambassador Quattro, we've also seen echoes of that French experience in terms of major announcements of investments more than $10 billion from at least three companies. Microsoft, Google, and Amazon have each announced investments of more than $10 billion in Indian AI projects. So how do these investments strengthen India's AI ecosystem and long-term capacity? And what are you looking to get out of them? Obviously it's a very exciting number, but what does that actually translate to in terms of capabilities, prosperity, economic growth, etc.? Yeah. I would say if you look at the foreign partnerships that India is building in this AI space These investments are positioned in that context But if you actually look at how it essentially networks into the aspects of AI that India is working on, you will then begin to see specificity there. So India, for example, today is working on all five layers of the artificial intelligence, which is starting at the base layer of energy, go to INSRA, compute, model development, and then of course it's deployment and adoption to scale. Each of these investments that you refer to, these partnership investments that you refer to, there would of course be a corresponding Indian partner also, would begin to fit itself into one of these five layers. more right now centered on infra and compute, but you could also see potentially partnerships, if not direct partnerships, even indirect partnerships in terms of building of models. And naturally, when it comes to the deployment, adoption and diffusion to scale through multiple applications that will get developed, I think that's where you would see a burst of development happening in India. and then radiating outwards to the other countries in terms of larger adoption and diffusion. We do believe firmly that when it comes to application, adoption and diffusion, India would perhaps be among the most significant geographies in the world, which will also allow AI technology to broad base itself across the spread of 1.4 billion people. And that was the essence of democratization. So when we talk of these investments, they are very, very material for not just one of the five layers of AI, but also in us to be able to build these partnerships with the technological community in the world outside. And if I could ask you to sort of elaborate on the Indian pitch when you're sort of trying to attract companies to invest in India, one could make the argument that it's the Internet. It's almost inherently global. Why do you need to put the investment in India? You could theoretically serve it from the United States. You could theoretically serve it from France or from the UAE. But obviously, these companies are not stupid, so they chose to invest in India. And what do you think it was that made it such an attractive place to put down tens of billions of dollars worth of investment? Yeah, I think it would be a little difficult for me to define the technical parameters of how this particular technology works. I think a lot of it has got to do with that also. But I think if you look at the trend of technology partnerships that India and the US have forged and the Indian companies and the US companies have forged, you will see that these investments are always positioned in a manner that are beneficial to both the partners. And in this case, of course, the entities involved. We believe that these investments, which you referred to, and I think they are significantly larger sums than this, would essentially begin to fit into the infrastructure and the compute space within India, which then leads to naturally the development of cloud compute, inference windows which are available, context windows which are available for delivery of inference of the AI models. Yes, part of it can always be delivered remotely, but I think there are parts of AI technology, the way it is evolving, that there is an inherent benefit for the companies to position themselves in the geographies, particularly those geographies like India, which have a very good low demand base of energy to provide for this infrastructure and compute. And more importantly, we'll be able to build on them and deploy, build and deploy in a manner that is beneficial for this partnership. And one thing that you touched on that I think is extremely important is the energy part of this equation. And as I look at India's achievements over the past 10 years, one place where it really stands out is speed of new energy construction. And for many of these organizations, the rate-limiting factor in how much computing capacity they can deploy is how fast they can get access to energy. The term of art in the U.S. policy community is speed to power. And I think what India has proven over the past five years is they can add a lot of new electrical generation capability faster than many countries around the world. Do you suspect that that is an advantage that companies find attractive about India? That is definitely, you know, one of the capacities, unique capacities that India has built over the years, over the last 10 years, particularly after the government of Prime Minister Modi came in. That is a strength and the strength we are hoping to increase and build on further. To the extent that that is a unique advantage in the AI layers, yes that helps but as I said it is much more than that and there are larger aspects of the development, adoption and diffusion of AI which are also useful to the partner but yes energy layer as I alluded to earlier as a good capacity that we can provide to our partners. So one of the things that Mr. Ambassador mentioned a moment ago was the French startup ecosystem as really flourishing in a way that, forgive me, was not true 10 years ago, was not true 20 years ago. And I think India stands out as one of the few global south countries that can legitimately claim to have a vibrant venture capital ecosystem and a vibrant startup ecosystem. So what are you thinking for the role of startups, both in India's AI policy writ large, and also for any role in the impact summit? You see, if I recall correctly, the words of, I think it was the French special envoy for AI, Ms. Anne Bovereaux, I think, who described 2026 as the year of French-Indian innovation in many ways. But innovation ecosystem in India currently across the technology sphere, and AI, I only put as one aspect of the technology, it's not the entirety of technology, is thriving, is absolutely thriving. There are thousands and thousands of startups, large number of unicorns, from two-member, two-company officials, a startup, to fairly substantial personal-based unicorns. Highly successful, motivated, driven. But one central aspect which actually drives this innovation spread and intensity in India is that society, Indian society, is at ease in adopting technology and diffusing it to scale. When India established its own Aadhaar unique identification system and the unique payment system, the UPI, Unique Payment Interface System. We saw it like that today you have the unique identity system and the payment system available to 1.4 billion people of India at scale at effectively no cost or pretty much a zero cost basis. That shows you how technology responds to, how society responds to the technology when when it comes to receptivity towards it, adopting it, and then diffusing it to all the 1.4 billion. And I think that's what is one of the major factors that is driving this huge spurt of innovation among the massive STEM talent base and the youth of India that's there. So we've been putting this event together for a couple of months now. And when we originally talked about the concept for this panel we didn anticipate this breaking news So with apologies to the ambassadors I going to ask you we just saw a landmark India Union trade announcement And I want, if I could get your opinions on the extent to which AI is going to be a part of the story of European-Indian trade in the future. And what this agreement in particular might be. Well, India EU FTA has been under discussion for now about last 18 plus years. Congratulations. Thanks to you. But you know, you can look at it in multiple ways. But I think one key aspect to look at would be the comprehensive nature of the India EU FTA. It is spread across several chapters which are naturally legally binding aspects of it. It is comprehensive in a sense that it includes trade in goods. I may not be very specifically informed about it, but could be trade in services also. Naturally, investments and technology. So, technology, whether as a product or as a service, is intrinsically a part of it. and trade-in services will include all the four modes that you have in the WTO mode one two three four in terms of establishment of businesses movement of professionals so i would imagine technology would would very much be a part of india u.s growth in economic ties fta is definitely an enabler for that. I say this because the way societies are evolving, technology will play increasingly far more consequential role than it already does in building of new products, in delivery of new services, and generation of, you know, evolving of new industries. So you have physical AI now being talked about, which is not just simple robotics, which is entire manufacturing, component supply chains of physical AI, how exactly would those be placed? So there are new aspects of, I wouldn't say economy, but definitely new aspects of industrial economy that those are evolving. Those would very much be part of India-EU economic and trade partnership. And I mean, I'm not seeing the specific, but I'm only assuming that India-UFTA would be a great enabler for those. Terrific. Ambassador Billy, can I get your thoughts? If I can add, I think first it's good news. And I think we can make a link with that concept of innovation between France and India. Because it's really about EU and India reinforcing their tie, of course in economic, but also in technological and scientific cooperation. And just to have a two-way bridge to make our country stronger, our country stronger together. And so I think it's very good news for us. Yes, and for those of you in the audience who didn't hear the ambassador's quiet remark, he pointed at me and said, thanks to you as to why this agreement was finally concluded after 18 years. So yes, the U.S. played an important role in bringing India and Europe together, I suppose. So I want to now connect the dots on so many of the different things that we've talked about here. There is the summit itself, which is an exceptional spectacle. You've got this very fast-moving technology. And one of the things that these summits have done, I think they've proven the ability to do this, is to really set the global narrative for AI for the subsequent year. After the Bletchley Park Summit, we were constantly talking about AI safety for those next six months. After the Seoul AI Summit in Korea, we were really focusing on what companies could do and what commitments they could make. And then with the Paris AI Action Summit, I think it's fair to say there was a shift towards more of an optimistic tone and a pragmatism in thinking about AI adoption. So we've heard the government side of the story in India from some of the major initiatives that you have underway to promote the use of AI, to make sure that investments in AI are well capitalized. But I do want to bring us back to the spirit of the original AI summit, which was around safety and thinking about governance and, where appropriate, regulation. I think those of us in the AI community might not know, but India actually has a pretty sophisticated opinion on AI regulation and what the appropriate balance is in trying to think about these things. And so I wanted to ask, number one, could you share with our audience your sense of India's approach to AI regulation? And then secondarily, to the extent that this is going to be a factor in the India AI summit, what are you looking for in the governance conversation? Is that going to appear in the ministerial declaration, for example? I think it's if what you said is absolutely correct that when the first summit happened, safety and safety of AI was quite central, which it is still is, but the probably the definition aspect of safety has expanded to include several other aspects also. It is in the very nature of AI as a technology that these conversations would continue to evolve and grow, I would say even deepen in specific aspects of AI. So as you observe, we have a fairly pragmatic and balanced view of, I wouldn't say regulation, governs of AI and how it fits into the society which is that it should be of a manner that encourages innovation which is central to its growth to its incorporation in the society to at the same time it also ensures that the developed product is safe not just in some product itself but also its use which is a separate set of a governance aspect so we have tried very hard and I'm sure it will be a continuous feature to strike a pragmatic balance between safety is naturally offer of AI but at the same time ensuring that it doesn't stifle innovation in a manner that the innovation and the the companies that want to innovate the companies that want to put capital into its innovation the young, youthful talent that wants to build on it and innovate on its application is able to do it unconstrained, fully assured in its confidence that government will ensure that its usage, its deployment is safe for the society. Great. And I think we were having a conversation downstairs before the panel begun, And I just want to emphasize how privileged we are today to have these two gentlemen who really could not be more perfect in so many ways that I didn't even know when we began. For example, Ambassador Quattro, of course, was previously the ambassador to France and so has that sort of unique relationship. And it wouldn't surprise me at all if after this panel you find out that your next stint is going to be the ambassador to India. Who knows? I loved it. Now, there is another way in which this is the perfect group of gentlemen, which you all did not hear. But downstairs, I was astonished to hear Ambassador Quatra speak completely fluidly and comfortably about things like cost per token when delivering AI capabilities, which I'm what passes for an old timer in the field of AI policy because I've been doing this for 10 years now. And I promise you, 10 years ago, there was not a diplomat in the world who could have said cost per token. So two very remarkable gentlemen who we're privileged to be with here today as we continue the conversation around the India AI Impact Summit and everything ahead. Thanks for listening to this episode of the AI Policy Podcast. If you like what you heard, there's an easy way for you to help us. please give us a five-star review on your favorite podcast platform and subscribe and tell your friends. It really helps when you spread the word. This podcast was produced by Sarah Baker, Sadie McCullough, and Matt Mann. See you next time.
