#1068 - Dr Peter Salerno - How Narcissists Hijack Your Brain

How do you describe what you do? Someone hasn't met you before. They don't know much about you. You're at a cocktail party. How do you describe what you do? I mean, my work focuses on, I mean, I'm a psychotherapist. That's kind of like my trade. I'm licensed as a psychotherapist. I have a doctorate in psychology. So my background is in psychology and mental health. I would say what I do specifically is I do extensive research on the etiology or cause of personality disorders. Like that's the that's the type of diagnosis that I specialize in assessing, understanding. But one of the reasons I do it is actually not necessarily to treat personality disorders. I do it so that I help people understand in relationships where there's a personality disorder, there's often toxicity and conflict and strife and abuse. And so what I do is I help people restore their what I would call their reality confidence following a toxic relationship. Because in these relationships, what happens is the individual who is the victim of somebody who is intentionally manipulative, deceptive, controlling. What happens is the victim loses their sense of what's actually true and real and what's actually being manipulated. And so I help people following these types of high conflict or problematic abusive relationships kind of get their reality confidence back. And one of the ways I do that is by resolving what I call traumatic cognitive dissonance, which is what happens to the brain when you're forced to hold two contradictory realities at the same time because someone is trying to convince you that two things could be true at the same time when they can't be. And so when I'm consulting with people professionally, I'm helping them regain their understanding of what's actually real, what happened to them, and what they were convinced happened to them because it was convenient for somebody else if they believed that. so it's almost like people that have spent a good bit of time intimately close to these other people their reality gets warped around them to the point where it's difficult for them to re enter normal reality without the old version creeping back in correct yeah yeah and one of the reasons for that is because the individual who is the manipulative person has done such an exceptional job of making a lot of the deception and the evidence invisible. So it's not like there's somebody overtly trying to manipulate you and you're aware of it, right? Like it's not like there's somebody saying, hey, I want you to buy this product for me. Here's why I think it'll improve your life. And then they pressure you. It's actually more like, no, I'm not actually up to anything. I mean, you're free to come and go as you please in this arrangement, all while underneath the surface covertly trying to gain an advantage over this person for selfish reasons exploitative reasons and so even if the relationship has ended they still might perceive the relationship even years or decades later in a way that's not accurate because they were um their reality was distorted what are the personality type what what are the sorts of people the kinds of psychological profiles what are we talking about here how does that how does that show up in behavior yeah so i mean i i would say the personality disorders and i'm just the messenger here okay uh but the personality disorders that we most often associate with interpersonal conflict abuse harm are what we call the cluster b personality disorders and so the reason why we we cluster them together is because they have a lot of overlapping features. So it's not really accurate to say that it's convenient, but it's not fully accurate to say that somebody just fits into one, you know, concrete category of disorder and we can just label them as such and then there's nothing else going on. Usually what's happening is there's quite a few traits or features of multiple personality disorders that are overlapping in one individual. And so it makes it even harder to really pinpoint what really is this person all about. But I would say that the pathological traits, the personality traits that we find common in the cluster B classification of disorders are the ones that you're going to find causing the most interpersonal trouble and conflict in relationships. What are they named? So we have one of the main ones it's sort of like an umbrella term is what we refer to as antagonism. Antagonism is a personality trait where people are oftentimes intentionally putting themselves at odds with another person, or they're putting two other people at odds with one another, literally to create drama, to create conflict, to escalate problems rather than solve them. So an example of antagonism is something that we refer to as like triangulation. So one person is intentionally going to tell another person something about someone else to create a rift. And then they're going to deny that they did that. And so now the two people that didn't even speak could be having thoughts and perceptions about each other based on this other person. That could be completely a fabrication. It could just be a lie. And now those two people are at odds with one another and they haven't even communicated necessarily. It's just this other person is deciding I'm going to create a rift in here because it might benefit them for those two people to not get along. And so they're going to strategically create a problem in that dynamic and then deny it ever happened. I didn't even know antagonism was a personality trait or a potential personality type. I don't know. I mean, I've thought about somebody that is antagonistic you know that but i didn't realize that it would be something more definable something something that had its own little bucket yeah and that's actually a big bucket because what under what's underneath antagonism is um things like grandiosity which we see in narcissism i'm sure familiar with that term it's a big popular term most people who get accused of being narcissistic what's actually what they're actually being accused of is antagonism they're being accused of the problematic aspect of narcissism in a relationship is somebody's grandiosity so their entitlement their arrogance their inability to see other people as an equal well the only way you can be in a relationship as a narcissist and to maintain that position is if you antagonize people because you need to put people at odds with you. They need to be beneath you. They need to be aware that there's a hierarchy in the relationship that you are, whatever the case may be, smarter, better. They need to be above. There's no such thing as equality in a relationship where one person is truly narcissistic. So yeah, antagonism is actually the big bowl that a lot of the other traits that we often hear about, they actually are falling under the category of antagonism. What else is in the cluster? We have hostility. So people that have kind of tend to hold like a contempt or a spite towards others to where they're not actually collaborating to make relationships better. They're resentful of the person. They might envy the person. They might be jealous of the person. So they're hostile towards them. And again, this isn't always being admitted to. They could be smiling and winning favor and ingratiating and being kind to the person all while sabotaging something covertly because as a result of their hostility. So they might be deceptive. That's another feature of antagonism is deceit, obviously manipulation, failure to fulfill obligations. obligations all of these things that we see and if they're consistent chronic behaviors we're really dealing with an antagonistic person well i suppose all of us have done some of this some oh yeah so when we talk about personality disorders what we're really talking about is is this trait well so we'll just use antagonism because we're talking about antagonism Is somebody antagonistic in like one or two specific contexts? So do they tend to become antagonistic when they're only talking to their mother and they're an adult, right? But no matter how much time goes by, if they go home to the house that they grew up in, they start being antagonistic. Are we talking about that? Because that's kind of a normal thing that we could see in humans. or is this person all day every day plotting to put people at odds with one another because it benefits them in some way for people to not get along. They seem to be the common denominator of helping everybody pick up the pieces back together. So there could be some motivating factor why the person operates in an antagonistic fashion all day every day. We would say that that's more related to abnormal or maladaptive personality. But if you're antagonistic once in a while with a particular person because you have a history, that's just being human, right? What we're looking for is how much is this pattern interfering with the life of the individual and the lives of other people? So there's a question there. What's the root of this? What are the root of much of the cluster B disorders? This is an excellent question. So one of the things that is going to put my answer or set my answer apart is most of the people you've probably seen speak about this topic, personality disorders or narcissism, they're going to give you a different answer than I would give you based on what causes it. OK, most people have this idea or have adopted the idea that what causes it is actually childhood adversity or some sort of abuse or situation where the person learns to be this way. Hurt people, hurt people. Precisely. Yeah. I mean, that's that's the most common answer you'll get. I would fundamentally disagree with that because there's a lot of new research that has come out within the last 20 years even that suggests that a lot of the traits that we use to describe the central features of something like narcissism are actually just as much, if not more, related to the way somebody is just intrinsically built rather than the things that happen to them. So we're going to go into like the, there's no such thing as a nature-nurture debate because it's always nature and nurture. So there's no such thing as talking about one without the other. But what I've noticed in clinical research and clinical practice, and just in my field in general, is there is a lack of awareness among professionals of how much DNA and biology contribute to narcissistic traits and features across the lifespan in an individual regardless of what has happened to them in early life and childhood so what i mean by that is there is evidence to to demonstrate that people can be highly narcissistic or have a personality disorder that's more severe than we'll say mild or moderate and they could actually develop that disorder without any adversity or trauma or um incidents of being hurt in their personal life. So we can no longer attribute this type of behavior solely to what happened to somebody in their early formative years. I had Catherine Page Harden on the show yesterday. Are you familiar with her? Yeah, wrote The Genetic Lottery, and her new book is Original Sin, and it's all about how people's behavior is influenced by the genes, especially maladaptive, antisocial behavior, robbing stealing lying abuse and uh so yeah you're you're in you're in good company this week apparently it's just all about bad personality traits and how much about genes so an interesting question there is if you're saying uh trauma doesn't necessarily cause people to become abusers that you can have a child who goes through a horrendous childhood and doesn't grow up to become a narcissist or an antagonist or whatever um and you can also have a childhood which doesn't have abuse and the child does grow up to become an adult or even in childhood is dream you get narcissistic children as well um how often do you see somebody that becomes let's just say a narcissist or antagonist that doesn't have it in their family history where you have been able to separate out some of the heritability component of this. How many people can environment themselves into a cluster B disorder? Yeah, that's such a great question. I would say historically in the mental health field, the answer to that question would be as many people as possible because they're operating from this theoretical lens, right? These are created, these are designed disorders. They're not built into anybody. They're strictly environmental. So that presents a problem if they're strictly environmental to my perspective. Because what it's saying is that under the right circumstances, you can make a narcissist, right? So to answer your question, maybe correct me if I'm not answering your question. I would say I'm not going to say something's not possible. So do I think it's possible that somebody based on experience alone could develop what we would typically refer to as like narcissistic personality disorder? Could they meet that criteria at some point in their life? Yeah, sure. I would caution to say, though, that what we're really seeing now, though, is they need enough of the startup material of narcissism in order for it to really manifest into like a pervasive disorder. meaning there has to be some biological and genetic underpinnings that set up the trait profile for that type of... They need the raw materials. Yeah, I'd say so. I don't think you could just create it from the ground up in anybody. So do you often see it in mom or dad or grandparents? Have you ever looked at this? Has anyone done this study? Yeah, so they're actually... What gives us the most information on how genetic something is versus how environmental is twin studies. twins it's the it's a natural experiment you take two identical twins that have been raised apart so they don't even know the other exists and they know nothing about their environment you you study them later in life or or at intervals of life how similar are they if they come from completely different upbringings completely different socioeconomic status completely different countries how similar are they in personality if they didn't know the other exists but they share 100% of their DNA, right? So those are the kind of cool natural experiments we can do on identical twins to see how much of environmental influence is there versus how concordant are their traits, even if they live the park, but just share similar DNA. What we found in like some pretty landmark meta-analyses and landmark studies is across the board, when it comes to psychological traits, 50 plus years of twin research covering millions and millions of different twins and covering, I don't know how many traits there are, but maybe 20,000 psychological traits that are possible. We're finding that all psychological traits, including personality traits, show measurable average heritability of like about 50%. So that's just with startup material alone. all psychological traits show about 50% average heritability. And what we've seen with personality disorders is that those percentages actually increase when we're talking about pathological personality traits. So it exceeds 50%. That's pretty significant. Yeah. Well, on average, pretty much everything is 50%. But when you're talking about such an extreme outlier, what sounds like very antisocial, kind of maladaptive, at least at the group level, although it may be slightly adaptive at the individual level, you would have hoped that our genes might have been able to regress back to the mean a little bit more effectively to try and push this thing out. So have you thought about this through an evolutionary lens? Have you thought about how cluster B personality traits might be adaptive? What sort of benefits they would afford our ancestors and what sort of benefits the people who have them receive now? Because if they have stayed in the gene pool for a couple of hundred thousand years, we have to assume that they're there for a reason. So what sort of benefits do these people see? yeah so like why like essentially why did these mechanisms evolve and why are they still around like bingo okay um so the first question that we just talked about with heritability we were asking essentially why do individuals differ why would some person have more narcissism than the other right now you're asking a need a well maybe not an even better question but just as important as a question um why are the mechanisms in the first place like did they serve some some, you know, useful purpose or even non-useful. Evolutionary psychologists, I don't want to speak for all of them, but some of them would say this is just due to random variation. Like these traits exist in the human DNA and they're going to reemerge in future generations, even if we try to wipe them out, just like cooperation would reemerge if we tried to wipe out all the cooperative people. So part of it is random variation. I think it's just the nature of human DNA. We have these traits that exist. I think that these traits do serve certain purposes and certain contexts that are useful for immediate reward or immediate gratification or even solving a very particular problem that could potentially require even impulse. I think it's spontaneous, impulsive, of quick decision here. So we want to look at the utility in these traits too. They're not all bad, and I wouldn't even go so far as to say this is an issue related to good or evil. I think these traits, even in smaller doses, could be extremely useful, and so they exist for that purpose. When they get to the point where they're on the extreme end of the quantitative dimension, meaning somebody is existing in life and in relationships hostile to the point where it's problematic, that's when we would say, well, whatever purpose it served, this isn't the purpose. But we could even say that for positive traits, like agreeableness, for example. If you could be too agreeable, then if you're pathologically agreeable, then it might be useful to be a bit more disagreeable in day-to-day life, right? So to answer your question, they exist because they exist. They evolve for randomness and also some useful purposes. In extreme levels, they're just harmful. In other news, you've probably heard me talk about Element before, and that's because I am frankly dependent on it, and it's how I've started my day every single morning. This is the best tasting hydration drink on the market. You might think, why do I need to be more hydrated? Because proper hydration is not just about drinking enough water. It's having sufficient electrolytes to allow your body to use those fluids. Each grab and go stick pack is a science-backed electrolyte ratio of sodium, potassium and magnesium. It's got no sugar, coloring, artificial ingredients or any other junk. 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What parts of the brain are involved in empathy and self-control? And have we looked at the brains of what's going on? Is it dopamine overload? Is it the amygdala is firing too much? What's going on? This is something that I think is extremely important to bring to this conversation because I think oftentimes psychology stops at social and caregiving contributions, right? Like the original environment and things like that. But there are so many other systems involved in creating a personality or creating a trait. And you mentioned some of them. So we're talking about hormonal systems, the endocrine system, you know, the nervous system, and then all of the brain networks that are communicating. I don't really like to say that this is like, there's such a thing as like a narcissistic brain where there's certain regions that look a certain way. And so that's a narcissistic brain. That's a little too naive, I would say. But are there regions or areas in the brain that are indicative of things like a lack of empathy? Sure. Like, absolutely. We see that in certain brains. We see that in brain imaging. We also see structural and functional differences in brains, pre and post therapy in individuals with personality disorders. They've done studies on child brains. They scan them prior to treatment and then scan them following treatment for tasks related to cognitive restructuring, mentalization-based treatment, and seeing that the function and structure of the brain does, in fact, change with certain interventions. Okay, so this is not a complete lock-in. We can't intervene. in some cases yeah well in most i would say in in a lot of cases it's not none of this is deterministic it's probabilistic and it's more um influential than it is like just set in stone um but there are cases i just want to be totally transparent there are cases of individuals where there's not much hope for changing the operating system what does that look like from from a brain chemistry perspective like what differences in brain chemistry could make someone more prone to dominance or aggression or yeah great question um so what we see we see proactive or intentional forms of aggression in individuals who have um like less um activation when it comes to um fear learning or consequences so what i mean by that is some brains operate in a way where They don't learn from mistakes through fear. The fear doesn't register when they do something pretty horrific. So there's no motivation to stop doing the behavior when the fear doesn't kick in. There's also no arousal in the body or in systems that would normally say, okay, we need to be a bit hyper-visional here. We just did something. We don't like the way it feels. In some individuals, those things don't happen. So they don't learn from the mistakes. So therefore, there's nothing in them registering to say we should stop doing this. what actually might be happening is it's making them feel better to do it. Right. And it could be an antisocial behavior. So some people are wired in such a way where they're motivated to continue participating in what most people would consider a negative behavior. But their body, their operating system is telling them to keep doing it because it produces a reward or it's just there's nothing negative about it for them. page yesterday said um basically the exact same thing and the funny thing about somebody who doesn't learn through punishment is that much of the time when you're a kid if you are acting out what happens is parents begin to and teachers begin to ratchet a punishment more and more and more what you don't realize is that that that is simply the wrong pathway it would be like um uh somebody having a vitamin b methylation pathway deficiency and you just pushing more vitamin b into them hoping that well it's a it this simply does not get absorbed and her her uh angle was they will learn through reinforcement of praise but not through reinforcement of punishment which means that in your example here it almost like people are kind of blind to the slings and arrows of distaste from people and they will just continue to work through until they find something Oh, well, that worked. That seemed to get me closer to whatever my goal was for today. I'll keep doing that. No, you can't do that. You shouldn't do that. You've got time out. I'm taking your iPad. You're going to sit on the naughty step. Made no difference. Try it again. Maybe it went in a different way. Ratchet it up. a little bit more the punishment comes back in again no difference doesn't i'm not learning from this not learning from it i'm just uh he's eating missile for effectiveness without the sort of overlying uh social mores uh and the discomfort you know for the people who've got le spirit discalier staircase wit in french um kind of that sense of oh fuck i really wish that i'd said that thing as opposed to i just don't reflect on my behavior in that kind of a manner that's exactly right so what we see in the operating systems of the more severe to extreme personality disorders is we see um a lack of a lack of capacity but also interest in collaboration so imagine imagine if your starting point is I'm not interested in collaborating with people. Right? That's how they... So there's a problem right there. There's a lack of collaborative capacity or interest. There's a lack of problem-solving capacity or interest in these individuals. There's a lack of self-reflective capacity and interest, and there's a lack of self-corrective capacity and interest. So... We have to stop making the mistake of thinking that that there is no variation between individuals. What motivates them? And interestingly enough, too, with the severe personality disorders that create the interpersonal strife. More nurture and empathy for them actually makes them more exploitative. Oh, hang on. So, no, wait a second. So you're telling me that a lot of these people are immune to punishment and encouraged by empathy. yes now we see we see this in we actually see this in clinical practice which is interesting because when you work with individuals who have severe personality disorders they actively put wrenches in the therapy process they derail the process in what ways well they exploit your empathy and your unconditional positive regard for them and you believing their narrative they exploit all that so treating them and dealing with them in a clinical setting is is is one very telling of how they operate in their personal lives where they're derailing and manipulating the narrative so that you guys don't reach a common ground seems like completely counterintuitive to most people but that's what they're in fact doing they're making it so that you can't reach a common ground with them um so there's that sorry just on that they're trying to maintain maintain control and distance i'll give you what i know what i think that you want from me some sort of performative revelation or revealing a degree of uh titrated uh information that i've given you but that's probably fake as well uh because i understand the dynamic i understand what your reward function is oh i've really got them to open up during this session and that allows the therapeutic relationship to keep going in in a manner that it's supposed to like within the rules of the game without actually having to play the game correct well well yes well seemingly that and most therapists, this goes over their head. So they're thinking that you're making great strides and you're progressing because you're feigning collaboration. I understand that you work with the victims of these people. Have you ever worked directly with the people themselves? Yeah, I should clarify. I used to. I don't anymore, but I used to for a very long time. Okay. You're a little bit like an ex-undercover cop that's now turned into a proper detective or whatever um so tell me what it's like tell me tell me what it's like to sit down opposite somebody who has 99th percentile cluster b personality disorder just like just describe that experience when we're talking about in in a in a therapeutic context something that's really important to mention is is transference and counter transference so um do i do you want me to go into that for your audience give us a give us a brief overview i learned that you know interestingly and i'm grinning because it's one of the few things that i've learned from reading chick novels i read uh the silent patient by uh alex michael ladies andrew michael ladies uh and in it one of the main protagonists is a therapist who's trying to get this patient to speak and um he goes to his coat head therapist who's trying to help him get through this very difficult patient and there's this line tell me about the transference and counter-transference and this was as i was starting to do therapy about two years ago um i went in all all impressed with myself to tell my therapist that i learned what transference and counter-transference was but i didn't learn about it from proper research i learned about it from reading like an absolute like usa today best-selling chick thriller but transference counter transfer you're sitting down with somebody with close to be etc yeah well i mean just just in general we all transfer and counter transfer in life and human relationships it's not just exclusive to therapy but it's important to notice that it's happening in therapy because it gives you a lot of information as far as what's happening in the interaction so i mean transference uh in the simplest terms is the feelings that are transferred onto the therapist by the patient. Countertransference are some of the feelings or emotional reactions that take place inside of the therapist while they are interacting with the patient. So the reason why that's relevant is because we get to ask cool questions like would I have been feeling this if I were sitting with anyone else right now? Or is this feeling that just got activated in me, is it directly related to the dynamic of this person that I'm interacting with? Because it starts to tell you information about how maybe other people are experiencing them outside of therapy in their personal life that maybe they're not super aware of. And they might actually, even a narcissist could genuinely come into a therapy office and not have a clue why everybody thinks they're so insensitive, right? All the while, the therapist is picking up on their insensitivity and having a counter-transference reaction to this insensitivity. Like, gosh, it feels hard to sit in a room with this person. I feel incompetent. I feel scared. I feel like different than I did before they showed up. Right. So it's really important. But the typical counter transference that results when you're sitting with somebody who meets the criteria for cluster B or I should say, yeah, typical or common counter transfer. So what the therapist feels in the room with them is you feel I said a couple of them just now. you oftentimes you just start to overwhelmingly feel incompetent like you don't know how to do your job or you're not qualified to do your job and remember this is just coming as you're sitting with someone it's you weren't thinking about it earlier today on the drive to work you were thinking oh i can't wait to go to work i i do a pretty good job you know i have a full practice then this person comes in and all of a sudden you feel like you can't do your job right so that's what is it what is it what is it what are they doing what is it they're devaluing you and not telling you that they're devaluing you. But you're starting to feel incompetent. So this is something that somebody with pretty severe personality pathology can sort of just put into the environment. They can export this out into the environment without saying a word. Do you think they mean to? Is this an outcome that they want or is this a spandrel that's come along for the ride? so earlier you were asking about purpose evolutionary perspective i would say this is an evolutionary perspective that would be important to look into um can they put this spell into the environment into the air for some sort of advantage for themselves that they might not even fully be aware of in the moment but it's it's happening and it's starting to work for them it makes people it makes people want to compete allow me to show you just how competent i am no no no i will do i will over deliver i will over because there is this odd sense of interpersonal competition of one but it's actually if none right it's just you right it's not a it's not a competition between you it's i need to prove myself because you don't seem impressed by me be impressed by me okay i'll do a bit more i'll do a bit more i'll do a bit more be be finally please just recognize that i'm here yeah or if i can get the professional to tell me to feel incompetent, then I get to direct the treatment, which means maybe if they feel incompetent, they'll agree with me more. So see, I take them off their high horse of expertise. Now I get to kind of get what I want from them a little bit. Maybe I could pull the wool over their eyes. They're a bit more vulnerable. This isn't exactly 100% conscious, but to me, I would still refer to that tactic as intentional abuse because you're not you're not showing up um with the intention of playing fair even in the conversation you know so what else what else do you feel um fear and dread okay and it's not always like 100 conscious of what you fear or what the dread is but you can all of a sudden come up with this feeling. We also have a detection or a deception detection network in our brain, which gets hijacked by these types of tactics. You feel it and you stop thinking. If you get somebody who's good enough at manipulation, you could stop thinking, hmm, I'm feeling incompetent. I wasn't before. Now I am. What's that about? You might just think, maybe I'm not as good as I thought I was. And that would be a really important thing for a victim of a narcissist to say to themselves. Oh, of course, because that's dissolved their defenses around I'm not in the wrong, they're in the wrong. Right. Yeah. And this happens in milliseconds, by the way. This is all happening unconsciously when you're interacting with someone. So someone like me, I'm a few steps ahead, but not by any means immune. And I would never tell anybody because even the foremost experts of this would never claim that they could never be sucker punched. Gazed, finessed. Yeah. But it's not really about becoming a human lie detector and knowing what everyone else is all about. That's not what you're trying to do. But you're trying to notice when I'm with this particular person, I feel incompetent. I feel dread. I feel fear. I feel insecurity. And in most other relationships in my life, I don't operate that way. What's happening in this particular dynamic that's making me feel that way? That's kind of some things that a therapist would want to certainly be aware of if they're interacting with someone who potentially has a socially maladaptive personality. a quick aside if your sleep's been off you're taking ages to fall asleep waking up at random times feeling groggy in the morning momentous's sleep packs are here to help they are not your typical knock you out supplement just overloaded with melatonin it only has the most evidence-based ingredients perfect doses to help you fall asleep more quickly stay asleep throughout the night and wake up feeling more rested and revitalized in the morning these things are an absolute game changer i take them every single night and when i'm on the road uh they're unbelievable because they're pre-dosed just take this and your sleep will improve what you read on the label is what's in the product and absolutely nothing else and if you're still unsure they've got a 30-day money back guarantee so you can just buy it completely risk-free use it if you don't like it if your sleep doesn't improve they'll just give you your money back that's how confident they are that you'll love it plus they ship internationally right now you can get a 35 discount on your first subscription and that 30-day money back guarantee by going to the link in the description below or heading to live momentous.com slash modern wisdom using modern wisdom at checkout That's L-I-V-E-M-O-M-E-N-T-O-U-S dot com slash modern wisdom. Modern wisdom. Check out. How you mentioned there about these people don't even mean to do it. It's happening in some forms unconsciously and in others. Of the population of Cluster B personality, antisocial personality disorder people, patients, how many of them know what they're doing and mean to do it and how many of them are at the mercy of their programming and i suppose this is a difficult question because what we're talking about here is agency over empathy and ability to recognize and wish to do different but unfortunately the very personality trait that we're talking about curtails your ability to do the empathy thing So it might be hard for someone to empathize with the damage of their lack of empathy and wish that they could do different. Would you understand the question here? How many people revel in what they're doing and how many people are fighting against it? Yeah, it's a great question. So these are what we call egocentronic disorders. What that means is they're comfortable in their own skin. so they're not experiencing the aftermath of these interactions as symptoms or side effects and wondering what am i going to do about this every time i'm in a room with somebody they start to feel fearful what's wrong with me they don't think that way um if a person who would think that way would be experiencing um something that's ego dystonic ego dystonia this is interfering in my life in a way that I can't tolerate it. It's making me uncomfortable. I want to rid myself of it. I'm going to do whatever it takes to stop doing this thing, feeling this thing, saying this thing, having this dream, whatever. That's ego dystonic. That means the person's aware that it's a problem. They don't like that it's originating in themselves. They want to get rid of it. Personality disorders don't have that process because these are ego syntonic. So what that means is they're in harmony with the way they are. They just experience conflict when other people confront them about the way they are. So nothing in them is internally motivated to change because they don't think that the problem is originating with them. Okay, so that's one part of this. How intentional as a result of that? I would say it's as intentional as an introvert cultivating environments to cater to their introversion. That's how intentional it is. So what I mean by that is if you're an introvert, you're going to select environments that cater to your introversion, your natural inclination to be introverted. And what does introversion entail? So you're going to start creating environments that cater to that trait. And that's exactly what... individuals with personality disorders do they cultivate select modify their environments intentionally based on the traits that they bring to the environment what sort of ways what are the things that they do well like like a narcissist who wants to you know be the center of attention is going to find a way to make um an environment they're in they're going to cultivate the environment and select things to say and do and operate in the environment to get what they want from it, which is attention. So they're going to intentionally behave in ways that are attention seeking, whereas an introvert is going to intentionally behave in ways that draw attention to others, and then they're going to regroup privately rather than go get stimulated socially because that doesn't do it for them. So whatever the trait is, those behaviors are going to to, the behaviors that you engage in are going to be motivated to make that, to cultivate how you feel with that trait. Why is it called cluster B? Is there a cluster A? Yeah, that's a good question. I mean, they're called cluster disorders because the features, not symptoms, the features and characteristics cluster together and overlap in the different disorders. There's cluster A. the cluster A's are considered the odd and eccentric bunch so odd kind of bizarre behaviors eccentric behaviors the cluster B's are the more interpersonally manipulative exploitative dramatic erratic so those are the cluster B's and then the cluster C's are the anxious and fearful cluster so disorders that operate around fear and anxiety being like the central feature rather than drama or erratic or dangerous, which is how we typically describe the cluster Bs. What would a commonly understood term be for people who are cluster A? What would a commonly understood term be? Yeah, you're talking about narcissist and... Okay, like paranoid or... Okay, yeah, yeah, yeah. Or schizoid or schizoid is interchangeably pronounced that way. The other cluster A is schizotypal. So we have schizotypal, schizoid, or schizoid, and paranoid are the cluster A's. And then the cluster C's are the avoidant, the dependent, and the... I'm drawing a blank here as I'm on the spot. What's the third cluster C? Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. There's avoided obsessive-compulsive personality, which is completely different than OCD. Those aren't the same. Okay. So when we look at cluster A, cluster B, and cluster C, do these fit on a spectrum? If you were to make a 3D or a 2D graph of how the clusters sit together, Does that exist, or are these completely different universes? So they're not completely different universes because the problems that they create in the individual and in the individual's relationships are directly related to who the person characteristically is. So in cluster A's, these individuals are characteristically odd and eccentric. okay in cluster b's they're characteristically um dramatic erratic dangerous and severe interpersonally and then in the cluster c's they're characteristically um fearful and anxious so all their relationships operate based on those types of motivations or intrinsic perceptions okay that's interesting all right going back to the sort of nature nurture debate why is the idea that hurt people hurt people so attractive what makes that such a seductive explanation if behavioral genetics and robert ploman and a couple of fucking million people from the biobank and can explain otherwise yeah um well i think one is because like the work of robert ploman uh this isn't a this isn't a conspiracy theory i mean it's admitted it's been admittedly swept under the rug in academic circles and and clinical circles because it seems to really intimidate people that there there might be um like strategy and pattern to to what we have decided is a negative behavior at this point in our in our evolution right that that the that the um that the negative behavior could potentially come naturally or be ingrained is terrifying for people to accept. So what they've done instead is created this idea that everything is environmentally determined. So the reason why there's a preference for that is if the environment created it, maybe the environment can stop it, prevent it, or modify it. Well, look, I suppose this is a debate around behavioral genetics overall, but plowman is the fifth most cited psychologist in the 20th century that was a century that had fucking freud that was a century that had young that was a century that had some of the biggest turning points in it invented the field of psychology as we know it today and he's the fifth most cited and the fact that the industry he's been on the show i think it was episode 320 something it was a long time ago now um the fact that behavioral genetics is so heretical to talk to talk about it just fucking blows my mind do you know cory clark are you familiar with her so evolutionary psychologist she did a great study she sent a study out to a survey out to every psychology professor in the united states a higher education institution got them to fill in some anonymous questions asking about a variety of things getting a cultural temperature the topography of of what uh the psychology psychology professor world is like the two most unspeakable this should be banned people should not learn about it the two spiciest subject areas that most professors were most likely to say they shouldn't be taught evolutionary psychology and behavioral genetics and i think it speaks exactly to what you were saying there that in an egalitarian world that's a meritocracy and also a capitalist competition if the victors get to own their successes and the losers have to own their failures anything that doesn't feel like your future is entirely in your hands is unbelievably disempowering because it makes it feel like you're you're uh the outcomes in your life are predestined before you're even born as you said this isn't deterministic it's probabilistic as plowman says it does not predetermine it predisposes but it is it is disempowering it is disempowering to find i mean chris hemsworth did that that um documentary about his health and he found out that he's got a couple of relatively rare mutations that predispose into alzheimer's like that's it is this is just raw biology and he's now taking supplements and adjusted his lifestyle on this diet and all the rest of it to try and compensate for this but to find out that as a you know you've got your kid and if you would have a child that had diabetes or autism you're not looking necessarily for some sort of intervention to cure their autism you're looking to manage it correct because we we don't pathologize like the pathologization occurs more differently when we get into psychology than it does when we get into what feels a bit more like biology even though biology is psychology for the most part uh yeah it's just i i could talk about this all day i think it's so i think it's so fucking interesting dude the pushback against evolutionary explanations that basically say you are being uh shunted forward by by forces that were came about long before you and are kind of outside of your agency or at the very least you're going to have to permanently fight against um that feels disempowering and behavioral genetics is that on steroids right it's it's that times times a thousand you can't you can't change your genes you can maybe turn them up and turn them down with some epigenetic stuff but gene therapy as far as we know is is pretty nascent so yeah it's it's it's an interesting area something that i love about what pluman does though is he he talks about how everything is just when we look at it from that perspective everything is then just differences right which i appreciate i like to use the word disorder because i think once you cross a particular threshold of harm and dysfunction, we have to call it something different. I mean, we can say it's like a huge difference, but clinically it makes more sense to say, okay, this is where we're operating outside of the balance of what we can accept. And so we have to call it something other than just, oh, this person's very unique and different. We have to say, this is problematic behavior based on the type of society we're trying to collectively create, right? I don find it surprising that those are the two subjects that are considered you know to be the problematic ones I'm not sure why people are so intimidated by that. I do know that, like, the problem is, too, is, like, Freud kind of commanded this ship of, like, having this impenetrable, untestable theory. like no one can ever really prove it wrong because it just might be that much more unconscious yeah never find it and i think that it's unconsciousness all the way down yeah but that's not i mean that's not that's not science you have to be able to test it all right let's get into some of the different ways that people can present so narcissism yeah i i see an endless number of videos online about how to know if you're in a relationship with a narcissist how to escape a narcissist when it comes to narcissism as a the motivating force behind it is narcissism about is it really about low self-esteem or is it about something else what's it about no narcissism is excessive investment in one's image the image that they prefer it's excessive investment in that preferred image at the expense of any authentic self so it's not that they have low self-esteem in this void of shame, which is the most common idea. I can direct you to behavioral geneticists and evolutionary psychologists that can blow that theory out of the water if you want, but it's not a shame-based disorder. It's excessive investment in one's preferred image at the expense of cultivating a true self. So yeah, they get hurt and wounded and offended and defensive and they get triggered and they get injured because they haven't cultivated anything to receive a disagreement underneath that thin layer of reflection that's on the pond that narcissists is gazing at. There's nothing under there because nothing has been examined or cultivated. So it's like they're emotionally thin-skinned, but it's not because of shame. it's because they didn't put any emotional muscle underneath any of that. But they prefer to be the way they are. I think this really bothers people. Why would anybody prefer to be someone who doesn't get along with anybody? They're entitled. They don't believe in equality. So in a way, they expect not to get along with anybody because everybody has to accept that they are better than them in order for them to get along with everybody. somehow this got morphed into this idea that it's all compensatory that it's all compensation for low self-esteem. Those are just theories based by the way on the reports of the narcissists telling professionals that. Perhaps an unreliable self-witness. Perhaps. 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To me, a covert narcissist is somebody who covertly is grandiose. They act like they're not, but they actually are. So you're using the term covert rather than vulnerable. Is that the more clinically accurate term? Covert and vulnerable narcissists are used interchangeably for a lot of people because of the concealing of the vulnerability. an overt narcissist is somebody who doesn't hide the fact that they believe that they are entitled to special treatment so you're going to see them a mile away they know they're them do you look at them as having different origin stories coming from different places different motivations no i personally don't i think that grandiosity is just being expressed differently in those two individuals. But the central feature of both of those individuals is still their inherent grandiosity. But their self-belief in that is different, right? No, I would disagree with that too. I think their belief is that they truly have a sincere conviction that they're superior to others and entitled to special treatment. That's when we're going to get into heterogeneity or the expression of that belief. It looks a lot different. interesting so my understanding of vulnerable or covert narcissism was that the grandiose narcissist genuinely believes i'm the best in the world and i believe that i'm the best in the world the vulnerable narcissist would present i'm the best in the world to try and cover up the fact that i don't think i'm worth anything they're the compensatory one who's secretly um suffering from all this hidden shame right i disagree i think that the problem is they're not shameful enough they're not they don't have enough shame to put on the brakes to stop mistreating people there's no motivating factor in their operating system that stops that puts on the brakes because they're lacking in empathy and lacking in conscience they've done recent studies too to show that um what we've historically referred to as the vulnerable expression or the vulnerable presentation of narcissism is 90 identical to borderline personality disorder in criterion criterion variables traits borderline personality disorder is another cluster b disorder that is often associated with um most people when they hear the term borderline personality they think of fear of abandonment lots of suicidal gestures or suicidal attempts um there's this chronic feeling of emptiness and these attempts, panic and frantic attempts to avoid abandonment. But what actually is underneath a lot of that are, if you look at the traits underneath the borderline personality, are what we see, how we see vulnerable narcissists operating in relationships and in general. There's a lot of neurotic traits, negative affectivity. And so there's this impulsivity, there's a lashing out, there's pathological levels of anxiety. Is that the same in the grandiose? Well, no, it's not the same in the sense that they're not experiencing themselves that way. but you know there's just like we have we have people who look narcissistic very externally there are also people who are narcissistic internal how come okay so one of the common patterns that I see people talk about online is narcissists pulling somebody in close and then suddenly pushing them away why why does that seem to be a pattern Well, because narcissists live in a dichotomous world where something is either everything they want or nothing they want. They don't have the gray area, brake pedal, pause, limitation mechanism in their operating system. They don't have the function to use that properly. So somebody's either idealized, which means they're everything that they could have ever wanted, or they're devalued and then discarded, which means they're not ideal, so they're useless. Narcissists see human beings and relationships as far as utility, not worth. They don't look at people how much they're worth. They look at how useful they are. What about psychopaths? What makes... So I'm trying to find what the acceptable level of something is and then turn it up to what the dysfunction is. So what makes a psychopath's harm different to somebody who's just losing their temper? Excellent. Everybody's lost their temper. Right. And that's a reaction and that's a defense and that's, you know, part of being human. I would say to differentiate between these two that we're talking about with narcissism, we see grandiosity at the expense of equality. And that's the that's the engine grandiosity at the expense of equality. with psychopaths what we see is exploitation of others um at the expense of any sort of honor they don't honor humans they don't have any value for human life whatsoever they don't see another person and think this person should um be alive or has the right to be alive what they think is I will exploit this person it's a dog eat dog world if something bad befalls them they should have known better that's kind of a psychopath's mentality psychopaths for the most part have more of an active grandiosity so if you do cross them they're going to show you they're going to make you pay some narcissists have what's called that passive grandiosity where they don't care enough about you to make you pay. You should have just known they were better than you. And so they're not going to bother themselves with you. Oh, that's interesting. So I imagine this means that in some situations, psychopaths are more dangerous retributively. But there must be some situations where narcissists or certain types of narcissists might be more dangerous. So you venture into the malignant narcissist is when you're starting to move more into the exploitation and conning that you see common in psychopathy or antisocials. So there is like a sort of a bridge to that where the malignant narcissist is kind of the bridge between NPD and psychopathy. Again, not across the board, but just to give a visual that yes, there is a severe degree of narcissism. And then that's what we would refer to more as like the dark triad narcissism where you have psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism. The dark triad thing is kind of fascinating. It's between Peterson and a bunch of other people that do podcasts, it's become like the hot new girl in school that everybody wants to talk about. The dark tetrad, right? What's that one? What's that one? Sadism? That one? That's the fourth one when you go for the... when you add another... Anyway. How common is it for somebody who has got narcissism to also have psychopathy, to also have Machiavellianism, to also have slavism? Good question. Not all narcissists and psychopaths are Machiavellian. Okay. All psychopaths are narcissists. All psychopaths are pathologically narcissistic. Not all narcissists are psychopaths. Okay. Necessary, but not sufficient. Yeah. Yeah. And then Machiavellian, I would say they're psychopathic, narcissistic. So they're both. So I mean, as far as not all narcissists are Machiavellian, not all narcissists are psychopathic. All Machiavellians and psychopaths are narcissistic. Are all Machiavellian psychopaths? good question I guess if they're practicing I guess you could be Machiavellian in theory but you wouldn't ever do the things what about sadism I imagine it must be difficult to be a sadist and not be a psychopath sadism is all about deriving pleasure from the harm you inflict on others or the harm that others are experiencing that you just witness you could experience pleasure from the pain they're deriving um so but again you know not all narcissists are sadistic you could you could have a narcissist okay so it seems to me like narcissism is kind of i don't it's the big it's the front end of the funnel it's the front door to the house it's the the um the white belt it's the white belt of much of what we're talking about here that well to a degree yes because in order for you to graduate to these other you know whatever you want to call just anti-social not pro-social if you want to graduate to you know a way of being where you're not interested in pro-social emotions or behaviors at all you could start with narcissism because narcissism is something that primarily we're supposed to outgrow when we realize other people exist um not relationships aren't symbiotic you know there's others who have a subjectivity to them once you discover that in life and that usually happens very early someone says no to you um once you discover that someone else has autonomy and subjectivity your narcissism is supposed to be challenged and you're supposed to start trying to find ways to outgrow it in favor of equality right right so you're saying that all all two-year-olds are narcissists and I think all two-year-olds are self-centered because they don't have the brain wiring to be altruistic because no one can explain it to them in a two-year-old language that they don't understand. I'm hungry. I don't care that people are tired. I'm hungry. And after a while, you realize I'm hungry, but mom and dad are busy at the moment, so maybe I'll delay this. But with the Gnosticism, that lesson kind of never really gets to learn. But even that hunger is not pathologically narcissistic because you don't – does that baby have the capacity to learn the lesson that you just described? That, okay, well, it's not going to happen every time on command or on demand. You're going to have to wait a little bit, cry a little bit. You're going to have to be a little uncomfortable in that diaper until human mom can come over and be human with you. Now, a pathological narcissist or somebody that I would say has trait, inherent trait narcissism, they'll never learn that lesson from mom. Oh, mom's too tired. She's got stuff to do before she comes here. They can't for the life of them figure out why the diaper isn't changed like that. And then they hold resentment and then they punish mom for it and they feel entitled to do that. And then they can't for the life of them figure out why somebody would ever have a problem with them punching mom for that. That's the problematic narcissism that is a complete, to me, it's a completely different trajectory than the primary narcissism that we all outgrow when we see that other people exist. There's something different from the start. Of all of the different traits here, which is the hardest to treat or change? Which is the hardest to have an intervention on? Is it psychopathy? is that the hardest to try and adjust? Well, there is no known cure or successful treatment for psychopathy. You contain and manage psychopathy, you don't treat it. There's no treatment for it. They haven't figured something else out yet that can actually cultivate change in the personality of a psychopath. Even an incarcerated psychopath, they don't think differently. they just behave differently because they're confined so at this point in history antisocial personality psychopathy there isn't a an effective treatment other than some behavioral containment and management so that would be the hardest one to treat to treat or to you know but I would say that just in general not clinically but in general life somebody who really doesn't understand the concept of equality, I'd say that's the hardest thing to overcome. So grandiosity to me, practically speaking, would be the most difficult trait to deal with because this person seriously is convinced that you should be treating them differently than they should be treating you because they are worth more and you need to find a way to come to terms with that. That to me is the most challenging one. because the sort of presence of it precludes the fixing of it. By nature, you would have to accept that you're less than. In order to improve. I'm perfect as I am. It's kind of like being immune in some way to what the treatment would be. Like a therapy-resistant bacteria or something. Right. Which does exist. so i think they exist in human personality too there's a there's a resistant personality there's a personality that's resistant because they don't see any benefit from changing they like the way they are they're just waiting for everyone to accept them we'll get back to talking in just one second but first if you have been feeling a bit sluggish your testosterone levels might be the problem they play a huge role in your energy focus and performance but most people have no idea what theirs are or what to do if something's off which is why i partnered with function because i wanted a smarter and more comprehensive way to actually understand what's happening inside of my body. Twice a year, they run lab tests that monitor over 100 biomarkers. 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So what that means is when you meet someone and they are friendly to you, you don't think to yourself, I wonder if they're being friendly to manipulate me. What you think is that person's friendly. And so they mimic that. they mimic the typical um cues that would indicate that they're a human they mimic them and they do it very well so that you let your guard down and they do it long enough for you to completely give up on the possibility that it's insincere they do that they do that long enough and we call that the seduction phase or the love bombing phase they are an ideal partner they have the same trauma you have the same interests you have the same lifestyle and like goals as you have they're practically getting they're reflecting you back to yourself so that you'll give them the time of day um that's the first thing to look out for it you know because the moment you see that slip or there's an inconsistency or contradiction is when you you can't just take it as oh maybe they're having a bad day you have to start doing sadly you have to start doing this skeptical scientific investigation on that behavior to see if there's any convergence, to see if this is something that could potentially result in a pattern or a strategy. Okay, so that's first step. They LARP as a normal human. Yeah. emotions are that's all that's almost always the first because presumably if you steamed in with psychopathic manipulative bpd behavior before somebody is invested in you the you know the bad first date yeah nobody nobody sticks about just because it's okay that was a bit much on a first date whereas a bad seven month anniversary you're like i can give them a little bit more tolerance here so that that kind of um we need to invest in people before we can accommodate them that is that is kind of the very well said you need to invest yeah you need to invest in them before you just accept them at face value cool okay what next okay so when there's a slip that we typically in hindsight call a red flag but as it's happening we have confirmation bias. No, it's not that bad. They're just human. When there's a slip, so when the mask slips, when there's something that's blatantly in contrast to their pro-social presentation that they gave you on the first or second or third date where it was flawless and they're the person of your dreams, at the moment there's something that's a contradiction or inconsistency, no matter how benign or incidental it seems you have to take it very seriously and you need to start developing um this idea in your head that you're going to see you're going to repeat this investigation to see if a pattern converges right it's a one-off if it's an isolated incident then you know stay reasonably alert but not hyper vigilant just okay i noted but this is where people go wrong. We naturally are not neutral information processors or not. So we're, we're biased to information is my point. So if you want a relationship to work, cause you really liked that person on the first date and you really thought they were cute and you really liked that they live, you know, close to you. If they slip up, the, you're going to use the prior information that you know about them to justify why you should still be with them. Humans don't justify why they should not be with them, typically. That's part of kinship. That's part of evolution. That's part of loss avoidance, right? So the first time there's a red flag, you have to be counterintuitively attuned to it because it's not going to come naturally for you to investigate it. What's going to come naturally is for you to erase it and forget about it. That's the second thing you do is the moment there's an issue that you could potentially test for a pattern you need to investigate it don't don't resolve the dissonance by saying oh well there's more good than bad that would be the second step it seems like attention where attention is being drawn and where it's being put is is a really important tool of of control here is that right absolutely Well, because just think about how you've done your past relationships. You don't think you should have to add this step of analysis. You just think, that felt good. That's cool. Oh, they showed up again a second time. That felt good. That was cool. I might be falling in love here. Or this person's a really good friend. They're really generous. Twice now. We have to accept the sad reality that people know and bank on you thinking that way. And they're going to exploit that from the beginning. You just have to introduce that into your worldview. Or you run the risk of getting duped or manipulated by one of these people. And it could be financially devastating, emotionally devastating, devastating with your time, your resources. Is there a particular profile of victim that these sorts of people tend to go for? Good question. I would say no. And here's why. Oh, they're an equal opportunity attacker. I think they vet everyone. And the analogy I use is often like the used car salesperson Anyone who shows up on the lot they going to try to sell a used car to They not going to try to figure out how vulnerable you are They going to just start doing their things their pitches first. They will stick around the people who take the second, third, fourth, and fifth pitch. I mean, the one that just walks away outright, they're not going to necessarily follow home. They're just split testing for who's got sufficient resilience to put up with. There will eventually be somebody who is resilient enough, not because they're flawed but because they just have a lot of resilience um who will take the fifth and sixth and seventh piece of bs and not like fact check or do anything and then those are the ones they'll latch on to actually it is it's not necessarily that the well it is a kind of selection but it's closer to natural selection than conscious selection yes they're going to put out a particular type of behavior and there is going to be a drop off and a survival bias is going to kick in and whoever is left so this is a different way for me to ask the same question yeah who are the people that end up in these situations because it seems to me it would be counterintuitive to think about somebody who is mentally resilient because a lot of the time when i think about people who are in relationships with bpd narcissism personal it's that they were almost a kind of vulnerable there was a vulnerability that was manipulated by them so how do you square is it resilience is there something else that who are the people that end up going deep i would say it's an emotional resilience they can take a beating long long enough to where by the time they even start entertaining the possibility that they should exit the relationship they're already kind of biochemically hijacked yeah hyper dynamic yeah and so um but i would but i but i'm cautious to have this conversation to say that i think that you should be less agreeable or less conscientious or less kind because those aren't the things that got you into the bad situation what got you into the bad situation is someone exploiting those things well that's exactly that's exactly what i was thinking as you were talking you know you're saying well you must be careful about this thing and the first stage and this thing at the second stage i go wow you know what a what a difficult house how skeptical and cynical and highly scrutinous i must be of all of the different people that i encounter in case they're gonna and what you're suggesting is that the issue is not your positive traits it was that there was a vector of weakness perhaps a strength turned up too much your psychological resilience your preparedness to turn the other cheek and forgive your perhaps leaky boundaries uh inability to assert i have to assume that a lack of assertiveness is maybe one of the things that would be quite common here well um yeah i mean fear that if you assert yourself that you're going to like offend the person or that if standing up for yourself means that the other person is going to be disappointed i mean i think that there that there's always going to be room for all of us to investigate our own um our own character and our own vulnerabilities i just personally i've seen people who have been who have come from very well um uh well to do and emotionally stable upbringings get duped by this you know following the death of the death of their spouse let's say like they're vulnerable in that sense but they were never somebody who was like a pushover or somebody who like gave everything everything everyone gave everyone everything they ever wanted. They just so happened to be in a vulnerable spot at 60 when they're widowed and now they want to fall in love again and somebody swoops, you know, goes into their orbit and exploits them. You don't need a history of being a doormat or a history of being abused as a child to fall prey to these individuals. They will vet anyone, you know. That's just important to realize. So I'm cautious to, I don't want people to think that they have to do a personality makeover to avoid this either. I think that's what a lot of, unfortunately, a lot of people that I've worked with and that I've consulted with, they tell me that they've gone to three or four therapists who have told them this only happened because you're codependent or because you have an abuse to your attachment or because you didn't work out your childhood issues with your mom and you were vulnerable to this. That's not necessarily true. You know, it might be that there's just, we have to come to terms with the fact that they're people who don't play by the social rules we've decided are beneficial. And so they're going to pretend to play by them, and then they're going to exploit you. And it's not that you had a bad childhood or your relationship with your dad wasn't strong enough. It's just that the person found an opportunity. They're preferential and opportunistic. With other bits of behavior, what about flirting or creating drama to manipulate people? when does flirting and drama turn into manipulation in the cluster B personalities seduction is kind of like like a central feature of that charm and seduction and charisma so I would say I mean that's kind of a hard question to answer because they use that as of their flirtation is manipulation. They use it to begin with. Wow. Even if they're sincerely attracted to you, they're still using flirtation as a weapon. Are people with cluster B personality disorders, are they more attractive on average? Physically? Why do you ask? That's an interesting question. I was wondering whether there is a physical manifestation that goes along with the behavioral trait. yeah that's a good question that'd be a good question for an evolutionary psychologist too I'll answer it generically if you will there's an interesting correlation it's common for them to be attractive, there's not a particular physical type though, I don't want to give off that idea short, tall, big I think what it has more to do with is someone's not their actual physical appearance but their self-concept, they have a very high self-concept. So it's almost like they have this way of convincing you to believe about them what they believe about themselves, even if it's not objectively true. So that's why I'm kind of hesitant is because somebody who is objectively unattractive could be a cluster B and actually be very attractive. Like people would find them very attractive, even if they're not traditionally what we would constitute. that's their presentation it's their beguiling, endearing, charming and it's also their authentic belief that they're that great it's a sincere belief, that's why I say it's not a compensation because they truly are feeling great we use confidence as a proxy for competence typically confidence is a lagging measure of somebody's level of development in whatever they are confident about. Our confidence is in some way supposed to be associated with whatever the fuck we're confident about. And therefore, if somebody turns up and they're full of bravado and they're very seductive, that can give the effect of being attractive without the challenge of having to be attractive. Correct. And it's, I guess, messy. or at least complex the way that humans become attracted. It's not raw physicality. That's an important aspect. I think a lot of times what we mistake, what we mistake arrogance for confidence in these individuals. So they are very relaxed and they're like, they're calm and we can think, oh, they're comfortable in their own skin. You know, maybe they're really confident. They could actually just be arrogant, right? So the difference between confidence and arrogance, confidence is an earned self-esteem or self-regard like you're confident because if someone asks you a question or asks you to or puts this to the test you're confident because you could perform it you know and and and demonstrate your ability or capacity arrogance is just saying shit like it's saying i'm good at something but not actually backing it up but the problem with a narcissist is they believe they're great at things that they can't back up so it's very convincing because they're not actually second-guessing themselves when they're trying to sell you something. They're sincerely believing they're good at something that they could be terrible at. The sales pitch is authentic. I'm wondering how many... Actually, that's a good question. Of the people that we're talking about, of these Cluster B people, what are the things that they would almost never do because you've mentioned these personalities will behave in a manner that kind of breaks down defenses that that lops as a normal functioning human and then after they've got investment and you're prepared to accommodate more that's when the veil tends to get revealed or i guess in the version of narcissism it's that they want you they they are trying to get you because you are everything to them but once they've got you perhaps you're disposed of i'm wondering if there are any behaviors you mentioned calm uh sort of in control i'm wondering if there are any behaviors that are very rare to see manifest in these people uh would ever seeing them be very very loud and out of control and and is that a rare thing are they rarely funny are they rarely what are the potential behaviors that if somebody does do it that would be a suggestion that they're not or that is much rarer to see that they're not what uh in this cluster b um oh like ways to determine if somebody wouldn't fit the criteria like by a particular based on based on something that they do do i'm aware that this is difficult because the larping as a human thing means that all of that can be performed but i just wondered if there was something that these people typically don't have access to even in performance yeah it's really that's that's a great question um and that i mean that's certainly a relevant question across the board because personnel uh personal relationships but even clinical practice i was thinking it's important to know these things I'll tell you this there's something called and I'm not going to go into detail on this I'll just kind of introduce the topic and then people can research it but neurological soft signs are these psychomotor sort of like behaviors tendencies that are operating in the body some people who have a disorder like this you can actually tell by that some mannerisms and ways in which their system is operating from just a neurological perspective where there's signs that you can see in their psychomotor behavior. How they would respond and make eye contact after a particular type of question, their body, their face, their eyes. I mean, it sounds kind of crazy, almost woo-woo, but there are certain things that can show you how they're processing or perceiving information. This would require a lot of study and skill, but it is a thing that there are these sort of signs, if you will. Not across the board, but there's that. Something they wouldn't do often is collaborate or take accountability. Even performatively, rather. Yeah. I mean, they don't really have the capacity to do it all the time, even in a feigned way, where they're constantly in character. I mean, it'll slip eventually, there'll be a contradiction or an inconsistency. because they don't they lack the function to use a thought properly long term to say oh you know this is probably a time where i should be agreeable they lack that function they can they can they can do it temporarily but they can't maintain it permanently is it possible for someone to sort of genuinely be in emotional pain and still choose to hurt others I guess hurt people hurt people is the meme but is that something that actually can happen can people who are in a state of feeling profoundly hurt react by hurting others yes totally it's just not the causative factor of personality disorders yeah I think I'm thinking about the lineage between so actually that's another point that we probably didn't get on the environmental catalyst for potentially the raw material of someone's genetic predisposition let's say that you were going to maximize the expression of someone's potential cluster b personality disorder what would you do to a child in order to cause that to happen what would be the sort of environment that that child would grow up in that's a great question so what would be the environment to ideally produce a cluster b yes let's say you as we've identified earlier on the raw materials need to be there in some form or another let's say you've got you know you've got a good a good raw material child and you're going to try and maximize the expression of that through childhood into adulthood so that it's the most cluster B person that we can get out of these raw materials, what would you do to that person in early childhood, adulthood, everything? Yeah, it depends on the disorder, but it's such a great question, such a great thought experiment. If it were a narcissist, you would challenge their superiority and their grandiosity every time. So you would enforce boundaries, you'd tell them people are equal, you would nurture them with kindness and love when they felt misunderstood those things would actually exacerbate their narcissism if they have the trait profile that's startup for narcissism so you would challenge their superiority you would try to convince them people are equal and then you would nurture them with love and affection when they have tantrums so if it were there were a borderline personality you would inform you would threaten that they could potentially be abandoned or you would invalidate them on a chronic basis if they already had the biological underpinnings to perceive abandonment and slights that don't exist you would actually increase that fear by like trying to abandon them or pretending to abandon them or threatening that you're going to leave them because that's the mechanism that terrifies them. If it were a histrionic personality, you would deprive them of attention. And if it were an antisocial or a psychopath, there's not really anything you could disagree with them. You could put up a boundary. I don't know. It's kind of hard. There's nothing really that you could do in the sense that I doubt any of those things would be like not doing those things would be preventative, right? Because we're still talking about significant heritability and just the way these traits operate. If they're intrinsic, you're going to have those tendencies or behaviors no matter what. I mean, there are certainly ways to exacerbate it. right yeah yeah yeah i often think about i one of my favorite question framings on the show is sort of what do most people get wrong about x or if you would like for instance instead of saying um how do i get the best night's sleep it's let's say that you were in charge of me for 24 hours what would you do to ensure that i got the worst night's sleep and um i think that framing is really interesting it's just it's it's a nice inversion and what it usually gets at is the important parito big movers in any case which is what the the first question like i have a child and i don't want them to become a psychopath what should i do that's kind of a messy but i don't i want my child to become a psychopath is although for some reason it just seems to be a little bit a little bit easier to access no you're absolutely right and actually now i have better answers for it as you as you explained it to me now i would say if you want your child to become a psychopath you challenge their authority. You challenge pretty much anything they want to do that feels good for them to do. They don't like being told about anything related to limits. Yeah. Okay. Hystrionic. That's like hysteria, loud, dramatic. that's the word that it's derived from and essentially um like hysterical but yeah they are the they're the typical highly highly highly um attention seeking to an appointment a point where they're like ruthless ruthlessly extort attention so it's not just i want to be seen it's if it's your birthday and you're getting the attention i'm going to find a way to make your birthday about me. And actually what they're lacking is shame. They don't have enough shame. They do things in public and say things that most people would be humiliated to do or say. They actually do them because their end goal is getting the attention. It doesn't matter if it's negative or positive. So they can behave very shamefully in order to get the attention. That's the goal. What's the percentage of the population that's got something that would fall in the disordered, beyond the disordered threshold for these traits? I would say in a general population based on most recent numbers and trainings that I've attended related to this, to prevalence estimates and stuff, like 15 to 19% of the population. So 1 in 5, nearly one in five, one in five, one in six. Does it skew? Is there a sex difference here? Not significant. No more male psychopaths, no more female narcissists? In certain population samples, but I would say most of the time, I would say in the general population, it's probably not too outrageous to say that it's almost even. It's almost half. What about when you drill down into a few other populations? That's why I'm kind of hesitant because if we look at borderline personality, which is a cluster B personality, the prevalence estimates are gender prevalence is 54 and 46 with it being more predominantly female. Histrionic is depending on who you ask, but the prevalence estimates that I recently received are like 50-50, male and female, or histrionic. Interesting. Again, derived from hysteria and wasn't female hysteria a diagnosis for a long time. And just as many guys waving the flag. But what must be interesting is the way that a male histrionic... Demonstrates their drama. Yes, yes, yes. yeah it could look different so you could then say it's a completely different thing but that's that's an interesting question so what what are the biggest sex differences in the ways that the same pathology the same disorder shows up in the sexes like female narcissists x and male narcissists y and female psychopath what are the ways that they diverge the most you know i'll be honest, I think that there's less sex differences in their traits than there are gender differences. And so I think it's more socially and culturally different. Like, so somebody might use a gender stereotype who has, like somebody who has one of these disorders might use a gender stereotype to make it more believable, to conceal their manipulation more. So they might operate within the constraints of a particular stereotypical gender, but I think the traits themselves are sex neutral. I think a callous female is similar to a callous male in the sense that they don't feel the slightest bit unnerved when other people are experiencing pain. surely the capacity of the female for um social manipulation like if you control for psychopathy or if you control for narcissism female the female is going to have better interpersonal skills on average the female is going to be more conscientious on average the female is going to be a better liar detector on average the male is going to have more bottle body strength body mass on average so they're potentially going to be able to use their physical size uh so there have to be just the tools that are at the disposal of the man and woman are going to differ. Yeah, they differ. And I mean, the research that I've explored and kind of stumbled upon shows that what they'll do is they will study the best case scenario. Like, is it in my best interest to be this stereotypically vulnerable because I am a female? is it in my best interest to be this stereotypically formidable? Right. It's all a meta game of where am I and where do they think I am and how. Yeah. There's so many steps that they take to be ahead. I don't think they're effortful steps. I think a lot of times they're effortless. They come naturally to them. But they do put in a lot of effort to create an impression that's not accurate. and all in the hopes that you succumb to it and then they can get what they want from you and again we're not talking about good and evil a lot of people would say that's evil um from an evolutionary perspective it's it's like there's an absence of collaboration and cooperation in these individuals i would just say be advised to know they exist and stay away from them if you can and escape them if you find out. But I wouldn't try to ruminate over this, any sort of a moral argument. You know, then you're going to just be lost. Peter, you're fucking awesome, dude. Like, this is so... Crazy. I think this is so interesting. I want to do another episode, and I want to do another episode all dedicated on the recipient side, how people can sort of detect, evade, recover recuperate i think that would be awesome but this is i can't i mean i've seen these videos your videos you crush it online i've seen this stuff pop up and um i can see why people are pretty fascinated it's kind of it's sort of a bit like studying an alien but it's your own species in a way yeah i imagine this must be pretty compelling work for you it's compelling um I actually have a quote. It's interesting you mentioned that. There's a quote in one of my books about when you really look at how different these people operate and you accept it, if you let yourself accept it, which is kind of hard to do, it almost feels like you're talking about a different species because everything that we've decided collectively is beneficial for humans. they don't think that way so it's bizarre I'm not saying they're not human I'm just saying it's an interesting social experiment Dude let's bring this one into land I feel like I could talk to you for the rest of the day so let's cut this one off now and we can run it back again in future where should people go to check out everything you do I'm on Instagram at DrPeterSalerno I have a YouTube channel, I have some books on Amazon I have a website, drpetersalerno.com. You're awesome. I appreciate you very much. Thank you. I appreciate your time. Thank you. This was fun. If you are looking for new reading suggestions, look no further than the Modern Wisdom Reading List. It is 100 books that you should read before you die. The most interesting, life-changing, and impactful books I've ever read with descriptions about why I like them and links to go and buy them. And you can get it right now for free by going to chriswillx.com slash books. That's chriswillx.com slash books.