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Literature and History · Jan 15, 2026
Episode 121: The Umayyad Caliphate
“Pre-Islamic Meccan leader and father of Muawiyah; initially opposed Muhammad but converted to Islam in 630.”
Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE) - political history and governanceIslamic civil wars (fitnas) - first, second, and third fitnas as succession crisesShiism and Alid movement - theological and political opposition to Umayyad rule
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