This is an iHeart Podcast. Guaranteed human. Pushkin. When we're feeling stuck or unhappy with the way our lives are unfolding, we often fixate on certain kinds of self-improvement. Things like getting into shape, making more money, eating healthier, or landing a promotion at work. Goals like these are super common at the start of the new year. But what we don't tend to hear about are goals that are less self-focused, trying to become a better friend, or committing to supporting our surrounding communities. Could goals like these be a more effective path to becoming unstuck in the new year? Could intentionally building our character be a more happiness-inducing strategy than we think? These are the questions that we'll be tackling with today's guest. My name is David Brooks. I am a columnist at the New York Times and a former fellow with the Jackson Institute at Yale University. David is also the author of several books on the importance of character development. Huge bestsellers like The Road to Character and his most recent work, How to Know a Person. David's interest in character development began as a personal self-help project. I'm not a naturally deep person. And so I think I've read all these damn books and I go to religious services and I do all this stuff to try to make myself a little deeper than I was yesterday. And one of his early realizations was that he and so many others were focused on the wrong kinds of goals when it came to living the good life. So way back in the road to character, I know you made this distinction between resume and eulogy virtues, which lots of folks know. But for listeners who don't know that framework, can you explain what you mean and what the difference is between these two sets of virtues? Yeah, dualisms turn out to be really powerful. If you put one in a book, people remember it forever. So the distinction I made was between the resume virtues, which are the things that make you good at your job, whether you're capable of being a great lawyer, accountant, teacher, whatever it is. And the eulogy virtues are the things they say about you after you're dead, whether you're honest, honorable, courageous, capable, great love. And we all know the eulogy virtues are more important. And yet our schools, often our families, emphasize the resume virtues. And somebody did a study years ago where they asked junior high school students, do your parents care more about whether you do your homework or whether you are kind? And in the 80 percent, the students said they care more about homework than being kind. So parents pressure their students into being good little resume achievatrons. And they have tremendous fear of failure as a result of that. I think one of the things that makes it so hard is that these resume virtues come with metrics, right? We can measure them really easily. And I think that especially in modern culture, when we have so many tools for measurement, we've become really susceptible to kind of doing better on those. Because it's like, well, I know what it looks like when I increase my time when I'm training for a marathon, or I know what it looks like when my salary goes up. I might not know what it looks like to increase my potential for being a good person in the same way. My view is anytime you find yourself quantifying a human being, you should stop and watch what you're doing. Because some things are quantifiable. And if I want to know how strong you are, I can figure out how much you can lift. But the things that really matter in life are the things like your determination, your social skills, your curiosity, your ability to be resilient in the face of failure, your ability to be kind, Your ability to cast a just and loving attention on other human beings. One study I saw found when people are fired, in 89% of cases, they were fired because they were jerks. Basically, they were not coachable. They were not good teammates. They didn't want to learn. They're not fired because they lack intelligence. They're not fired because they lack technical skills. And so it's those what is stupidly called either soft skills or even worse, non-cognitive skills that are actually the hard and most important things of life. And there's just no such thing as a non-cognitive skill. Everything we do is cognitive. And so the very idea that we define the most important things in opposition to the least important things, which we prioritize, is a symptom that our society has really lost track of what matters in a human being. So this time of year, people are looking for big changes. It's like new me, right? You know, you're going to revamp your whole self. And that might work maybe with some of the achievement virtues, although I think there's an open question about that. I think it doesn't work so much with the eulogy virtues, because one of the things you so nicely pointed out is that character development isn't this huge, massive transformation. You're asking people to think about something much quieter, these kind of tiny little practice changes. So talk to me about this idea that character is an everyday practice. What do you mean by that? In all our jobs, there's a materialistic drag, a corrosion. For doctors who I've spoken to, the drag is the lure of money and the need to make everything efficient and have a patient every 16 minutes or less. And in journalism, the drag is, I want to tell the truth as I see it, but I also want to generate clicks. And so that's the seduction. And so to push back against that seduction and try to stay within the moral lens is, I find, a daily challenge. And that's not a challenge you solve with some miracle growth. It's a challenge you solve with tiny changes of actions. Well, I mean, a character is forged the way we learn crafts by small habits. And, you know, I do dumb things. I always have some spiritual book going. I'm reading a book by Thomas Merton on contemplation. That's how I try to aspire. One of the things you can do to become a better person is to just read books of people you admire and unconsciously be a little more like them. I read a crazy biography last week called A Woman of No Importance about an American woman who basically joined and organized the French resistance during World War II. And she did crazy stuff of organizing hundreds of French resistance fighters under constant threat of death. And now I'm not going to do that. I don't have that. But you can't help having some of that rub off on you. And you think, you know, when I'm searching for meaning in my life, who are the exemplars that I care about right now? In times of my life, I literally have taken the postcards and portraits of the people I admire and stuck them on the wall. I'm a big admirer of a guy named Samuel Johnson, an essayist who really wrote himself into being a beautiful human being. And I see Sam Johnson's face over there. Maybe I'm watching out my taxes today. We want to surround ourselves with the eyes of the dead and the eyes of the admired. It'll lift our spirits. I think one of the things that we often get stuck on, which can prevent our moral development, is seeking out comfort. We are a modern society that avoids discomfort. So tell me a little bit about how that can keep us stuck and can prevent our moral development in ways that we might not realize. Yeah, I read a book recently called What I Talk About When I Talk About Running by a Japanese novelist, Marukami. He ran a jazz club for a little while. And he decided one day while watching a baseball game, I think I'm going to write a novel. And so he quit his jazz club. And as he started writing, he started getting heavier because he had no exercise. He wasn't hauling around kegs of beer anymore. And so he said, I'll take up running. And he's a pretty committed guy. So he started running six miles a day and he ran marathons every year. And when you read his book, the thing that leaps out at you is he hates running. passage just like I was on the 23rd mile I hated running I finished the marathon all I wanted to do was stop running and never run again and it's just one sentence after another of how much he hates running so why does he do something he hates well he did it because he thought it's about embracing challenge I think in part because he thought it made him a better person in part because he thought it made him a better writer and I think perversely he got deep fulfillment out of running And I can relate, not because I can run six miles a day, but I'm sitting here in my office and every day, seven days a week, I come into this office and I write my 1200 words. And I've been doing it for 40 years. And I do not like writing. It's not easy. It hasn't gotten any easier with experience. Even just organizing the structure of a piece or a book is just really hard. so I don't like to write but I want to write and I've learned that we have two different systems in our brain there's a liking system and a wanting system and I have found in my life that if I pay attention to the wanting system that's more reliable than the liking system because it leads to the hard and sometimes challenging things that make you feel fulfilled and I guess the one thing I would ask people to ask themselves is deep down at the core of yourself, what do you really want? I had a professor at the University of Chicago where I was an undergrad named Leon Cass, who's still with us. And he said, what defines people is not their opinions. It's not their success. It the ruling passion of their souls Some people are lovers of pleasure Some people are lovers of understanding Some people are lovers of justice And so I often ask people what is the ruling passion of your soul? And you want to answer I get back? A blank look. They have no idea. People ask themselves this question. But understanding your own desires is really important. I teach a class now at Chicago for people who are retiring. And one of the things that I noticed they do, So they're 65, they're retiring, they're beginning the next third of their life. One thing it helps them to ask is, what did I leave behind in childhood? What gift do I have that I currently hold in exile? And if they can go back and find that little kid they used to be, and what horizon that kid was chasing toward, then they can touch something pretty deep in themselves, and they can re-tap into a desire that is laying dormant in their lives. Murakami was seized by the desire to write and the desire to run. and it's a great skill the capacity to be seized some people are seized by god some people are seized by a hero some people are seized by poetry and when you're seized it's almost like you don't have a choice you're in the double negative i can't not do this and i think the willingness to be seized to be open to being seized is just a tremendous and underrated skill which we almost beat out of young people at school. We prescribe so much of what they must do. You should go through life as if you're just wandering through a bookstore, just willing to be captured by whatever interests you. You never know what can lead to what. I absolutely adore this idea of being seized. It really plays on what psychologists call this notion of moral elevation. When you see something that challenges you or gets you wanting to think about it in a new way. But I think to do that, we have to have a particular moral virtue that we don't often have, which is that we have to have some humility. You have to not go in with a plan that you know is your plan and you're stuck to it. You actually have to be open. And humility seems to be the kind of thing that we're losing. It seems like we're in a modern culture that celebrates self-promotion and acting like you know what you're doing, even if you don't know what you're doing. Any tips for generating a little bit more humility, especially in the face of a culture that really doesn't like that virtue? Yeah, go to work at the New York Times. Read the comments section. I wanted to write a book. I was going to have the title Humility in small letters and then by David Brooks in really big letters. That was my humility book. There's a nice distinction to be made between willfulness and willingness. And willfulness is when you take control. And willingness is when you're willing to be led. And the artists I know, the painters, the musicians, they have a great capacity for willingness. They're willing to go wherever the muse leads them. And if you're going to a concert or seeing one of their shows and you're going to take advantage of what they've given and produced, then you have to be willing to go where they're taking. You just have to be willing. C.S. Lewis defined humility as not thinking lowly of yourself, but really not thinking of yourself. I define it a little differently. I define humility as radical self-awareness from a position of other-centeredness. It's the ability to get outside yourself and see yourself accurately and honestly. And when you have that level of self-awareness, you have stability in your life. You're not always searching to impress. And there's debates I've had with friends over what's the most important virtue to have. And I have a lot of friends who think courage is the most important virtue. But I think humility is the most important virtue. And true humility, David says, starts with how we think about ourselves. We need to switch from a self-focus to one that's turned towards others. But how can we do that better? After the break, David will share some strategies for turning our mindsets outward. We'll see why service and connection are an effective path for developing a deeper sense of meaning and getting psychologically unstuck. The Happiness Lab will be back in a moment. Author and cultural commentator David Brooks has argued that we can get unstuck in 2026 not by chasing more achievement, but by developing our character. And one of the practical ways to do that, David says, is through acts of service, especially at the local level. First, look around the neighborhood and what's wrong? Every neighborhood has its own unique problems. Have a conversation about what's the problem here, what's ailing us. And then what do I bring to the table? What skill do I have that really will enable me to help? And I have a little nonprofit called Weave, the Social Fabric Project. And we help people who live in the neighborhoods where they work, and they are the ones who are holding their neighborhoods together. Some of them are in organizations. Some of them are just, one lady said, I practice aggressive friendship. She's the lady on the block who posts everything. I know a guy who helps kids on the west side of Chicago stay at a gang's. They just want to serve the community. We ran into a lady in Florida, and she was helping kids cross the street after elementary school. And we said, are you getting paid to do this? And she said, no, but it's safer for the kids if an adult can help them walk across the street. And to her, this wasn't volunteering. This is what neighbors do. And I think she was tremendously fulfilled. I know when you see these moments of interdependence of people that are doing stuff for their community, you've called these folks weavers. What do you mean by this term, weaver? When we started Weave, we had a theory that if you're going to do social change, creating a new identity really matters. For example, in 1955, nobody called themselves a feminist. By 1975, millions and millions of people called themselves a feminist. and that identity had great power in shaping how they saw the world. And so we created this term weaver because we wanted a term. It seemed apt. And people embraced the idea that I want to be a weaver or I am a weaver. And our real theory of social change was society changes when a small group of people find a better way to live and the rest of us copy. And so weavers have found a better way to live. A more formal organization you can join, say, for example, I'm a big admirer of an organization in Baltimore called Thread. And Thread surrounds kids from the Baltimore schools with four volunteers and then a network of people they call grandparents and then counselors. And so it's an elaborate network surrounding these young people, basically another form of extended family. And they help the kids go to school if they need lunch, anything an extended family would do for a young person. And the young people have been betrayed by life. And so when the volunteers first showed up at their door, the kids often slammed the door in their face. And the rule of threat is there's no leaving. It's like family. There's no leaving. So short of a court order, you're going to show up at the kid's door again and again. And the founder of a woman named Sarah Hemminger says, if you reject people and they keep showing up for you, it's identity changing. And it's identity changing to be the one who shows up. And so it's those kinds of discrete actions that take place in communities every day. And some of them are heroic and some of them are mundane. And we don't have to be as heroic as some of them are. But if we bent our lives a little in that direction, America would be a more trusting place. I will say the people I've met through Weave are some of the most fulfilled people. And anybody can do that. So that's interdependence at the community level. But your most recent work is really focused on becoming a little bit more interdependent relationally, like person to person. And so tell me a little bit about the origin story of how to know a person. Where did the idea for that book come from? It's much more kind of one-on-one than some of your other character development books. When I was working on Weave, I was using all these words like community and relationship. and it struck me these words were abstractions that a relationship or a community is really built out of discrete second by second encounters but a lot of young people and a lot of old people have not been taught basic social skills like how do you sit with someone who's depressed how do you break up with someone without crushing their heart how do you ask for an offer forgiveness Nobody ever taught me the skill of how to end a conversation gracefully. So I went to my high school reunion, my fifth one, so I was younger. And my only move to get out of a conversation in a cocktail-like setting was to say, I'm going to go to the bar and get another drink. So 20 minutes into the reunion, I'm so drunk, I have to leave the reunion. I've had like six drinks in 20 minutes. And so nobody had ever taught me. And the APEX skill is the skill of making others feel seen, heard, and understood. it. And that's a skill, just the way learning tennis is a skill, the way learning carpentry is a skill. It also seems like a skill that we're losing in modern society. Give me a sense of how bad we've gotten when it comes to making others feel seen and heard. We happen to be in a moment of deep spiritual and relational crisis. And I don't need to tell you of all people that data on rising mental health rising suicide rates the number of people who say they have no friends is up the number of people who rate themselves the lowest happiness category is up The number of people not in a romantic relationship The number of people who broken with a member of their intimate family There just a lot of sadness out there And when there's sadness, there's meanness. Because if you feel yourself unseen and invisible, you feel it as an injustice, which it is, and as a threat. And so you're prone to lashing out. And when you're in a level of distrust, then it's very hard to reach out. If you look at social trust statistics, it used to be 60% of Americans said that it can trust their neighbors. Now it's down to 30%. Among millennials, it's 19%. So if you're thinking that this person is fundamentally untrustworthy, then of course you're not going to be vulnerable to them. And friendship is an excessive series of vulnerabilities, as you know. And so it's just going to be harder and there's going to be more distance. There's going to be suspicion. And that makes it extremely hard to practice this skill of seeing others. I know you've talked so much about how this skill is needed for society, but given that you wrote the book on this, was this something that you struggled with as an individual? Were you good at seeing and hearing others or was this something that you had to work on? My wife and I have been married for nine years and she takes a look at me from 20 years ago on videos. She says, well, I wouldn't have married that guy. I was the kind of person nobody would confide in. I was always busy. I had a clock in my head. It's a very good way to destroy relationships. but mostly I think I was raised in a super cerebral academic household and it was easy to get by on brain power and ignore your heart and so I think I was feeling things but I wasn't there was no highway between my heart and my mouth and even my conscious mind there's an episode that happened to me maybe 15 years ago that symbolized for me the old way of being which is I'm a big baseball fan I've been to a thousand ball games I've never caught a foul ball so I'm in Camden Yards in Baltimore one day with my youngest son and somebody loses control to the bat and it lands in my lap and getting a bat is a thousand times better than getting a ball and so I should have been jumping up and down high-fiving everybody around me hugging people getting on a jumbotron I just took the bat and put it at my feet and I stared straight ahead like a turtle and I look back on that guy and I think so little joy and there was just a level of inhibition and I went through a period in 2013 when I was in a valley I my marriage was coming apart my kids were leaving school I was lonely I did what any middle-aged male idiot would do which was I tried to work my way through the problem workaholism is a very ineffective social therapy for a spiritual and emotional crisis but it looks very good from the outside you get a lot of resume virtue too it It looks very good on the outside because it looks like you're cruising. But I experienced loneliness as sort of a burning in the stomach. Then I read a passage by Frederick Buechner, the novelist. And he says, in moments of pain, you can either be broken or broken open. You can be broken by making yourself invulnerable, by covering up, callusing over. When you're broken open, you make yourself, even in the midst of pain, more vulnerable. But that's really the only pathway to growth. And so I began to work on this. And so I did it in good old University of Chicago fashion. I wrote a book about emotion. But then I tried to practice it. And a couple of years ago, I was at a conference in Nantucket. I was in the audience. The speaker gave us all a piece of paper. And on the piece of paper was lyrics to a love song. And he said to us, I want you to find somebody you don't know, gaze into their eyes, and sing the love song to them. And if you had asked the old me to do that, I would have spontaneously combusted. I found some guy, I'm saying to his eyes, there were no sparks between us, sadly, but I did it. And it was a happy day for me, a proud day, because it shows you it's never too late to change. You can change at 70, you can change at 80, you can change at 90. It's never too late to change a bit who you are. One of the great things about your book is I think you talk about how we can change to become better at connecting with one another. But you do this in this really practical way. You almost look at relationships at a real micro level about the things we can change. And one of the things I love that you focused on is just changing our level of attention. What can we do with our attention to do better? Yeah, Simone Weil, a French mystic, said attention is the ultimate act of generosity. For her, attention really was the foundation of all morality. One of her students, not literally, but someone who learned a lot from her, is Iris Murdoch, the philosopher and novelist. And Murdoch said, you know, we usually look at each other through self-centered eyes. Is this person going to be good for me or bad for me? Is he going to make me feel good, make me feel bad? And she said what we should do is cast what she called a just and loving attention on another. So to see people with just and loving eyes. I wrote about this in the last book. I was in a diner in Waco having breakfast with a 93-year-old lady named LaRue Dorsey. and she presented herself to me as a strict disciplinarian like a drill sergeant lady she'd been a teacher and she said i love my students enough to be tough with them and i was intimidated by this formidable lady and into the diner walks a mutual friend of ours a pastor named jimmy who pastors to the homeless in waco and he comes up to us he knows us both and he grabs mrs dorsey by the shoulders and he says mrs dorsey you're the best i love you and that stern disciplinarian lady I had been talking to turned in an instant into a bright, eye-shining nine-year-old girl. He brought forth a different version of her with the power of his attention. And it shows that power of that skill. And it can even achieve almost a spiritual quality. One of my favorite stories, which I read somewhere and I hope it's true, but it sounds apocryphal, but I'm going to say it anyway. It's about Dan Rather interviewing Mother Teresa. And Dan Rather said to Mother Teresa, when you pray to God, what do you say to him? And she said, I don't say anything. I just listen. And Rather says, well, what is God saying to you? And Mother Teresa says, oh, he's not saying anything. He's just listening. Listening is just tremendously powerful. Well, it's also something I feel like we've lost in modern society. Explain some of the challenges that make this sort of attention harder these days. Well, the obvious ones are the phones. The deeper one is we really value autonomy. And I'm one of those who does. But it's sometimes extremely self-destructive. If I get up and I look at my calendar and there's like one call or one meeting, I think, oh, this day is so crowded. Oh, man, I want to just sit and write alone. Like it's easy to be alone. But somehow we're over autonomizing, if that's a word. And it seems easier in the short term, but it's poorer in the long term. So how do we fight this tendency to overvalue autonomy so that we can connect again? When we get back from the break, David will share some practical strategies for rebuilding interdependence, ones that are essential for getting spiritually unstuck in the new year. The Happiness Lab will be right back. In his recent book, How to Know a Person, author and political commentator David Brooks contends that we'd all be happier and feel less stuck if we connected better with the people around us. But to do that, David says, we need to better understand the concept of empathy. I think empathy is three things. One, it's an emotional connection, and that's just like physically sharing an emotion. And then it's mentalizing. I'm using my experiences to develop theories about what you're probably going through. And then the third part of empathy is caring. If you go on the street and play three card money with a card shark, he empathizes with you. He knows what you're feeling. He knows how to manipulate that. But he doesn't care. We want effective care. It's not doing what's comfortable for you, but doing what the other person needs at that exact moment. When I was at Yale, I had a student named Jillian, whose dad had died of pancreatic cancer after she got out of college. I had her grandson. and her dad and she had the conversation that he would probably not be there for her big life events like her marriage and a couple of months after he died she was invited to be a bridesmaid at her friend's wedding and she watched the father of that bride give a beautiful toast to his daughter and then it came time in the reception for the father-daughter dance and Jillian said just too soon. So she went to the ladies room to have a cry. And when she got out of the ladies room in the hallway, all the people at her table at the reception and the adjacent table were just standing there in the hallway. And they gave her a supportive hug. Nobody said anything. They just gave her a hug and went back to their tables. And she said, it was exactly what I needed at that moment. So somebody at one of those tables said, let's go be in the hallway for Jillian. And that is empathy par excellence That knowing just what she needs but not too much It seems like there so many things that get in the way of that One is something we talked about before which is time right We just too busy We don have time to notice The other is attention, which we've talked about. We're not there. But the other thing is a mistaken notion that we have about this culture of achievement, that like putting in the work for that kind of empathy is going to give a hit to our own individual success, our individual ability. And this is psychologically just really painful for me when folks describe this, because I think what all the work shows is that this act of being empathic makes us feel really good, right? Everyone who left their table to go stand in that hallway for Jillian felt amazing afterward. What is it about this modern sense of achievement that gets empathy wrong, that kind of puts us on this wrong track of not realizing how valuable it is? Yeah, I think partly we've been schooled in the idea that the more selfish we are, the more we'll succeed. And we've even more been schooled in the idea that other people are selfish. And I often ask my students, do you think human beings are fundamentally selfish or fundamentally cooperative and altruistic? And I think more than in generations past, the high number of people say selfish. There's a guy at Chicago, a friend of mine named Nick Epley, who asks his business school students, what drives you to go into business? And they say, oh, you know, I really value service and I want to be of service to other people. And he says, what about your classmates? What drives them to go into business? And everyone says money. Money. And so I think we ascribe darker motivations to others. And when you do that, you develop a dark world mentality. And I'll start with our politics, not to get too political. But I think the guy who sits in the White House right now has a very dark world mentality. That life is about dog eat dog. And it's if you don't screw them first, they're going to screw you. And a lot of people, not only Donald Trump, a lot of people have a dark world view that you really have to protect yourself. You really have to guard your heart. And I think they have an overly negative view of reality. I found in my life and, you know, obviously I've got a lot of privileges and all that. but if you act in ways that are trusting preemptive vulnerability you will be betrayed sometimes and they will hurt you but it's still better and most of the time it pays off and you're glad you led with trust but that is not something that often gets talked about and we have this negativity I read a story I forget what it was in some online magazine a couple years ago and it was about a bunch of books that were coming out about motherhood. And the books had these negative titles. Like it was all how dark and how rotten it was to be a mom. And the reporter notes in the middle of the piece, she said, the funny thing happened to me while reporting this piece. The young woman I was interviewing pulled me aside and said, we have a word off the record. And she said, I don't want you to put this in the article, but I kind of like being a mom. I love my kids. My partner is equitable. But please don't put that in public because they're afraid if they say that, it'll seem insensitive to people who are going through a hard time. And when you're in a culture where you can't admit that you love being a mom or a dad, you're in a pretty pessimistic culture. And if you just look, if you do Google Engram, what words we use to describe the world, the usage of negative words like anger, horror, pain is surging. and the usage of positive words, joy, success, whatever, is plummeting. So public culture and public conversation has become very negative. And that's in part because of the internet, because people in my profession, in the media, the number of headlines we write meant to generate fear and anger, it just creates this negative climate. And in this negative climate, it's hard to lead with vulnerability and trust and the sorts of things that would actually lead to the connection. But it seems like when we take action ourselves to make those connections, when we really try to see others, we wind up creating the opposite cycle, right? We can be in this kind of dark cycle where everything feels bad and we just continue to see more evidence of it. But it feels like when we do the act of putting good out there ourselves, then we wind up seeing it more and then other people reciprocate that good to us and then we can build these more positive cycles. Let me tell one other Nick Epley story. He and I were on stage at Chicago and he was interviewing me and about something. after 45 minutes of the interview, he says to the audience, okay, I want you, all of you to find somebody in the audience you don't know. And for the next 10 minutes, you're going to talk about the high point of your life, the low point of your life and the turning point of your life. And the audience groaned. And he said, how many of you don't want to do this? And 80% of the hands went up and Nick said, go. And they all went out and they started sharing their high points, their low points, their turning points. And 10 minutes later, when we were supposed to get them back to paying attention to us, they wouldn't shut up. They're having such a good time that they would not shut up. And finally, 20 minutes going by and finally they stopped talking to each other and they listened to us again. And Nick said, how many of you enjoyed that? And 80% of the hands went up. And one of his findings, and he's got a book about this coming out soon, is that we underestimate how much we'll enjoy talking to strangers. We underestimate how deep people want to get. And so we have this dark and pessimistic view, which is not accurate. And now because of Nick, when I'm on a plane sometimes and I'm bored with my reading with like an hour left to go on the flight, I take out my headphones and I start talking to my neighbor. And I will tell you, I've never had a moment where the conversation with whoever I was with was less interesting than the book. It's always more interesting somehow. And so it's a good habit to force yourself to do, even if you think it'll be boring. And to be more vulnerable than you think. I think one of the great things about Nick's deep questions is that they're sharing things that you're kind of a little bit embarrassed about. They're questions like, when was the last time you cried? You know, or if your house was on fire, what's the thing you don't like to admit, but that you take with you anyway because it matters to you? We're sharing these darker, more vulnerable parts of ourselves. And we assume that that's going to feel terrifying. But in fact, it feels great. My job as a journalist is to ask people questions and often about their lives and often in difficult moments of their lives. And so how often has someone said to me, none of your damn business? The answer is zero. And so you should ask. There's another guy who you probably know much better than I named Dan McAdams at Northwestern. He studies how people tell their life stories. And he interviews people over four hours. And then he wants to slide them a little check to compensate them for their time. And a lot of people push the check back and say, I don't want money for this. This has been one of the best afternoons of my life. No one's ever asked. And so that's just a clue as you go through life that the quality of your conversations is really the quality of your interaction. And so we've talked about all these ways that we can boost our character, that we can become more connected both to our communities and just relationally with other people. There's so many of the great strategies you shared today, but I worry that there's a risk that people hearing this will then try to turn character development into another New Year achievement project. Just, you know, they swap in a new scorecard, but now they're going for that. Any final tips to make this really more about character and not about achievement and optimization? Yeah, I'm all about mixed motives. If you're doing something for a selfish reason and an altruistic reason, that's just a sign that society is well structured. And so if you're trying to become a better person because you think it'll win new friends and admirers, I'm fine with that. There's a difference between ambition and aspiration. and ambition is to try to build up outward success and aspiration is just try to be a better person. The next time you're feeling stuck, ask yourself what you're putting your energy into. Is it ambition and all the usual resume virtues? Or are you following David's advice and going for aspiration instead? Because the science shows that focusing on eulogy virtues is likely to give you a way longer happiness boost than the typical selfish goals. And if you're looking for inspiration, Why don't you follow some of the advice you heard today? Check out the biographies of people you admire so that you can learn about the values that guided them. Look around your own community to see what's needed and figure out what you might have to offer. And finally, don't underestimate small moments of connection. Even a brief few minutes of attention can make all the difference. In next week's installment of this special season of The Happiness Lab, we'll explore how to get unstuck creatively. We'll meet an expert on the science of innovation to see how we can break out of our creative blocks to get some new ideas flowing in 2026. The research suggests that it's in fact those ideas that we maybe feel a little bit uncomfortable or anxious about that wind up being the most promising. That's coming up next week on The Happiness Lab with me, Dr. Laurie Santos. This is an iHeart Podcast. Guaranteed human.
